Apparently, (from this link my sister-in-law who has the gift of prophecy) there is some new activity going on precisely in the area where this fractured zone will rupture on Sept 26th this year. I still cannot believe the magnitude of the energy this thing will put out - but I keep telling myself that I could not believe my correct prediction of Sept 11th, 2001 and the death within our family in the virtual exact middle of my 33rd year, etc - and then it happened. Truly mind boggling - the scope of devastation of this coming event will be off the charts - just numbing that it is a mere 6-7 weeks away:
CLICK LINK
Here is more information on this particular undersea volcano from my Wikipedia:
CLICK LINK
THIS BLOG ATTEMPTS TO SHOW HOW SCIENCE IS CATCHING UP WITH REVEALED RELIGION
THIS BLOG IS AN ATTEMPT TO PUT ALL THE COOL STUFF THAT I BUMP INTO ABOUT THE SECOND COMING OF CHRIST AND EVENTS THAT LEAD UP TO IT INTO ONE LOCATION.
THE CONTENTS WILL BE FROM AN LDS PERSPECTIVE. IF YOU DISAGREE WITH ANYTHING IN HERE, I DO NOT PARTICULARLY CARE TO ARGUE, UNLESS YOU CAN ADD TO THIS BODY OF WORK. I HAVE AN OPEN MIND, THAT IS WHY I READ STUFF FROM ALL DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES AND SEEK LEARNING FROM THE BEST BOOKS. I JUST AM NOT HERE TO ARGUE ABOUT IT - BUT TO PUT IT OUT THERE WHERE OTHERS CAN PERUSE/PURSUE IT. I TAKE PARTICULAR INTEREST IN HONEST SEEKERS OF TRUTH AND BELIEVE THAT SCIENCE IS REVEALED RELIGION'S BEST ALLY. YOU WILL SEE ALOT OF TOPICS IN THIS BLOG THAT SHOW SCIENCE BACKING - AND SLOWLY CATCHING UP WITH - REVEALED RELIGION.
ENJOY!!
THE CONTENTS WILL BE FROM AN LDS PERSPECTIVE. IF YOU DISAGREE WITH ANYTHING IN HERE, I DO NOT PARTICULARLY CARE TO ARGUE, UNLESS YOU CAN ADD TO THIS BODY OF WORK. I HAVE AN OPEN MIND, THAT IS WHY I READ STUFF FROM ALL DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES AND SEEK LEARNING FROM THE BEST BOOKS. I JUST AM NOT HERE TO ARGUE ABOUT IT - BUT TO PUT IT OUT THERE WHERE OTHERS CAN PERUSE/PURSUE IT. I TAKE PARTICULAR INTEREST IN HONEST SEEKERS OF TRUTH AND BELIEVE THAT SCIENCE IS REVEALED RELIGION'S BEST ALLY. YOU WILL SEE ALOT OF TOPICS IN THIS BLOG THAT SHOW SCIENCE BACKING - AND SLOWLY CATCHING UP WITH - REVEALED RELIGION.
ENJOY!!
Showing posts with label TSUNAMI. Show all posts
Showing posts with label TSUNAMI. Show all posts
Wednesday, August 10, 2011
Wednesday, June 29, 2011
ANOTHER INTERESTING TIDBIT - MASSIVE TSUNAMI WEST COAST
I just got off the phone with my SIL from the midwest area who is a great woman on par with my good wife. We would like them to join us in the hills on our insane little exercise of self-preservation. I don't know if she realizes it - but there will (at some point) be as much devastation there as there will be here. It may be of a little different form, but utter chaos and devastation nevertheless. They will need to evacuate soon enough. Each couple has to come to that conclusion for themselves and act accordingly. That inspiration is the divine "filter" that God uses in the separation of the righteous and the wicked. Those that are able to heed the still small voice due to their spiritual proclivities automatically select themselves for continuance. The equation is simple - the effects of decisions total.
My wife struggles with how/why God would allow so many innocents to perish (kids, etc) and I just refer her to what happened during the flood. It was better that God hit the reset button and allow the succeeding generations of innocents to have a fair shake than to continue to allow his sweet ones to go to perverse homes where, due to surroundings and environment, their innocence would be sacrificed to the hellish whims of how their parents chose to live their lives. Sometimes, when we are lowered into the abyss and due to the ever so slight gradiations, cannot sense our impending danger, we become victims ourselves. Thus the analogy to those who have fallen into a deep sleep - it is intoxicating.
So, back on topic. My sister-in-law was telling my wife and I last night that as a 15 year old (living in the Portland area), she had a very vivid dream of a massive wave topping the coastal range and sloshing into the Willamette valley. That is a massive wave in order to get over those hills. She, for months, has been worried about her family here on the west coast. I now am just as incrementally concerned just a little bit more when that sounds in. My Catholic friend who had the incredible three nephites healing and conversion to God said it would make it as far inland as Eastern Washington and slosh around in that basin. My MIL had a similar dream where she was barely above the level where she was affected - I do not think that something under 2500' would be enough.
One more little piece of data with interesting implications. I think this M12.5 may come about, just as predicted.
My wife struggles with how/why God would allow so many innocents to perish (kids, etc) and I just refer her to what happened during the flood. It was better that God hit the reset button and allow the succeeding generations of innocents to have a fair shake than to continue to allow his sweet ones to go to perverse homes where, due to surroundings and environment, their innocence would be sacrificed to the hellish whims of how their parents chose to live their lives. Sometimes, when we are lowered into the abyss and due to the ever so slight gradiations, cannot sense our impending danger, we become victims ourselves. Thus the analogy to those who have fallen into a deep sleep - it is intoxicating.
So, back on topic. My sister-in-law was telling my wife and I last night that as a 15 year old (living in the Portland area), she had a very vivid dream of a massive wave topping the coastal range and sloshing into the Willamette valley. That is a massive wave in order to get over those hills. She, for months, has been worried about her family here on the west coast. I now am just as incrementally concerned just a little bit more when that sounds in. My Catholic friend who had the incredible three nephites healing and conversion to God said it would make it as far inland as Eastern Washington and slosh around in that basin. My MIL had a similar dream where she was barely above the level where she was affected - I do not think that something under 2500' would be enough.
One more little piece of data with interesting implications. I think this M12.5 may come about, just as predicted.
Saturday, March 12, 2011
A VISION FOR OUR FUTURE - EXPAND YOUR MIND
Living on the West coast, I share an affinity for Asian culture and my best friend in life helped open that world up for me as well as some cute Japanese exchange students back in the post-high school days that my parents invited over. I love their order and preciseness in everything they do and am convinced that they, of all people, would live the gospel and excel at it where we in the West are stereotypically less prone to excel at it due to our slothfulness in general (relatively speaking).
I am a huge fan of their engineering, their devotion to ancestors is unique and intriguing (the only thing more intriguing is the Mormons' baptizin' dead folk....). The only stereotypically bad thing is what I perceive is their marriages - the men are more devoted to their work and post-work social life than to their women and it leaves a huge hole. Mistresses are often the norm, and in various Asian cultures, an accepted fact. This is true even among some that have emigrated here to our austere Victorian-veneered culture where none of that ever occurs......
So excepting a few footnotes, I think highly of and respect the Japanese people and feel to say (as I believe about just about every culture), that some of the best blood of Israel was hidden away there. I am in awe and extremely saddened for the losses (materially and of life) that they are experiencing.
Here is a link: RAW FOOTAGE OF JAPANESE TSUNAMI
Why do I include this stuff on my blog?? Because we will experience the same on our coasts - but on a scale and order of magnitude none dare imagine in its horrifying scope. I have people I care for all along the coast of the US - and I pray that their eyes are opened and that they consider carefully what they would do if something up to 100x higher were to come ashore. Of course, when it does, it will be a blessed relief to the people of this land who will have been oppressed (for around one year) by the Chinese and other nations (aided by our own who do not believe in principles of self-determination and Godly living) who do not value freedom.
Those who have eyes to see and ears to hear will be gathered in their tribulation and will generally be safe from the worst of it. For those who fight against truth, I pity you, for your road is a hard road to tread.
I am a huge fan of their engineering, their devotion to ancestors is unique and intriguing (the only thing more intriguing is the Mormons' baptizin' dead folk....). The only stereotypically bad thing is what I perceive is their marriages - the men are more devoted to their work and post-work social life than to their women and it leaves a huge hole. Mistresses are often the norm, and in various Asian cultures, an accepted fact. This is true even among some that have emigrated here to our austere Victorian-veneered culture where none of that ever occurs......
So excepting a few footnotes, I think highly of and respect the Japanese people and feel to say (as I believe about just about every culture), that some of the best blood of Israel was hidden away there. I am in awe and extremely saddened for the losses (materially and of life) that they are experiencing.
Here is a link: RAW FOOTAGE OF JAPANESE TSUNAMI
Why do I include this stuff on my blog?? Because we will experience the same on our coasts - but on a scale and order of magnitude none dare imagine in its horrifying scope. I have people I care for all along the coast of the US - and I pray that their eyes are opened and that they consider carefully what they would do if something up to 100x higher were to come ashore. Of course, when it does, it will be a blessed relief to the people of this land who will have been oppressed (for around one year) by the Chinese and other nations (aided by our own who do not believe in principles of self-determination and Godly living) who do not value freedom.
Those who have eyes to see and ears to hear will be gathered in their tribulation and will generally be safe from the worst of it. For those who fight against truth, I pity you, for your road is a hard road to tread.
Sunday, November 15, 2009
GREAT LISBON EARTHQUAKE OF 1755
THIS AN EXAMPLE OF CATASTROPHIC EARTH CHANGES THAT LITERALLY CHANGED THE COURSE OF HUMAN HISTORY:
1755 Lisbon earthquake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1755 Lisbon earthquake
Date 1 November 1755 (1755-11)
Magnitude 9.0 Mw
Epicenter location Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Countries/
regions affected Kingdom of Portugal
Casualties between 10,000 and 100,000
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on 1 November 1755, at around 9:40 in the morning.[1] The earthquake was followed by a tsunami and fires, which caused near-total destruction of Lisbon in the Kingdom of Portugal, and adjoining areas. Geologists today estimate the Lisbon earthquake approached magnitude 9 on the Moment magnitude scale, with an epicenter in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km (120 mi) west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent. Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon alone between 10,000 and 100,000 people,[2] making it one of the most destructive earthquakes in history.
The earthquake accentuated political tensions in the Kingdom of Portugal and profoundly disrupted the country's eighteenth-century colonial ambitions. The event was widely discussed and dwelt upon by European Enlightenment philosophers, and inspired major developments in theodicy and in the philosophy of the sublime. As the first earthquake studied scientifically for its effects over a large area, it led to the birth of modern seismology and earthquake engineering.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 The earthquake and tsunami
* 2 Economic and cultural impact
* 3 Relief and reconstruction efforts
* 4 Effect on society and philosophy
* 5 Development of seismology
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 External links
[edit] The earthquake and tsunami
1755 copper engraving showing Lisbon in flames and a tsunami overwhelming the ships in the harbor.
A depiction of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake as seen from the Atlantic
The Azores-Gibraltar Transform Fault which marks the boundary between the African (Nubian) and the Eurasian continental plates runs westward from Gibraltar into the Atlantic. It shows a complex and active tectonic behavior, and is responsible for several important earthquakes that hit Lisbon before November 1755: eight in the 14th century, five in the 16th century (including the 1531 earthquake that destroyed 1,500 houses, and the 1597 earthquake when three streets vanished), and three in the 17th century. During the 18th century, earthquakes were reported in 1724 and 1750.
In 1755, the earthquake struck on the morning of 1 November, the Catholic holiday of All Saints' Day. Contemporary reports state that the earthquake lasted between three-and-a-half and six minutes, causing gigantic fissures five metres (15 ft) wide to appear in the city centre. Survivors rushed to the open space of the docks for safety and watched as the water receded, revealing a sea floor littered by lost cargo and old shipwrecks. Approximately forty minutes after the earthquake, an enormous tsunami engulfed the harbour and downtown, rushing up the Tagus river[3], "so fast that several people riding on horseback ... were forced to gallop as fast as possible to the upper grounds for fear of being carried away". It was followed by two more waves. In the areas unaffected by the tsunami, fire quickly broke out, and flames raged for five days.
Lisbon was not the only Portuguese city affected by the catastrophe. Throughout the south of the country, in particular the Algarve, destruction was rampant. A tsunami destroyed some coastal fortresses in the Algarve and, in the lower levels, razed several houses. Almost all the coastal towns and villages of the Algarve were heavily damaged, except Faro, which was protected by the sandy banks of Ria Formosa. In Lagos, the waves reached the top of the city walls. Other towns of different Portuguese regions, like Peniche, Cascais, and even Covilhã which is located near the Serra da Estrela mountain range in central inland Portugal, were affected. The shock waves of the earthquake destroyed part of Covilhã's castle walls and its large towers. On the island of Madeira, Funchal and many smaller settlements suffered significant damage. Almost all of the ports in the Azores archipelago suffered most of their destruction from the tsunami, with the sea penetrating about 150 m inland.
Calculated travel times for the tsunami waves of 1 November 1755
Shocks from the earthquake were felt throughout Europe as far as Finland and North Africa, and according to some sources even in Greenland[4] and in the Caribbean[5]. Tsunamis as tall as 20 metres (66 ft) swept the coast of North Africa, and struck Martinique and Barbados across the Atlantic. A three-metre (ten-foot) tsunami hit Cornwall on the southern English coast. Galway, on the west coast of Ireland, was also hit, resulting in partial destruction of the "Spanish Arch" section of the city wall.
Although seismologists and geologists had always agreed that the epicenter was in the Atlantic to the West of the Iberian Peninsula, its exact location has been a subject of considerable debate. Early theories had proposed the Gorringe Ridge until simulations showed that a source closer to the shore of Portugal was required to comply with the observed effects of the tsunami. A seismic reflection survey of the ocean floor along the Azores-Gibraltar fault has revealed a 50 km-long thrust structure Southwest of Cape St. Vincent, with a dip-slip throw of more than 1 km, that might have been created by the primary tectonic event.[6]
[edit] Economic and cultural impact
The ruins of the Carmo Convent, which was destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake.
Economic historian Alvaro Pereira estimated that of Lisbon's population of approximately 200,000 people, some 30,000–40,000 were killed. Another 10,000 may have lost their lives in Morocco, although local reports are vague and damage reports relating to the 1 November event are difficult to separate from those of another series of local earthquakes that occurred on Nov. 18–19.[7] The total death toll in Portugal, Spain and Morocco from the earthquake and the resulting fires and tsunami was estimated at 40,000 to 50,000 people.[8]
Eighty-five percent of Lisbon's buildings were destroyed, including famous palaces and libraries, as well as most examples of Portugal's distinctive 16th-century Manueline architecture. Several buildings that had suffered little earthquake damage were destroyed by the subsequent fire. The new Opera House, opened just six months before (named the Phoenix Opera), burned to the ground. The Royal Ribeira Palace, which stood just beside the Tagus river in the modern square of Terreiro do Paço, was destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami. Inside, the 70,000-volume royal library as well as hundreds of works of art, including paintings by Titian, Rubens, and Correggio, were lost. The royal archives disappeared together with detailed historical records of explorations by Vasco da Gama and other early navigators. The earthquake also damaged major churches in Lisbon, namely the Lisbon Cathedral, the Basilicas of São Paulo, Santa Catarina, São Vicente de Fora, and the Misericordia Church. The Royal Hospital of All Saints (the largest public hospital at the time) in the Rossio square was consumed by fire and hundreds of patients burned to death. The tomb of national hero Nuno Álvares Pereira was also lost. Visitors to Lisbon may still walk the ruins of the Carmo Convent, which were preserved to remind Lisboners of the destruction.
[edit] Relief and reconstruction efforts
Further information: Pombaline style
The Ruins of Lisbon. Survivors lived in tents on the outskirts of the city after the earthquake, as shown in this fanciful 1755 German engraving.
Detail from above: Executions in the aftermath of the Lisbon earthquake. At least 34 looters were hanged in the chaotic aftermath of the disaster. As a warning against looting, King Joseph I of Portugal ordered gallows to be constructed in several parts of the city.
The royal family escaped unharmed from the catastrophe; King Joseph I of Portugal and the court had left the city, after attending mass at sunrise, fulfilling the wish of one of the king's daughters to spend the holiday away from Lisbon. After the catastrophe, Joseph I developed a fear of living within walls, and the court was accommodated in a huge complex of tents and pavilions in the hills of Ajuda, then on the outskirts of Lisbon. The king's claustrophobia never waned, and it was only after Joseph's death that his daughter Maria I of Portugal began building the royal Ajuda Palace, which still stands on the site of the old tented camp. Like the king, the prime minister Sebastião de Melo (the Marquis of Pombal) survived the earthquake. When asked what was to be done, Pombal reportedly replied "Bury the dead and heal the living,"[9] and set upon organizing relief and rehabilitation efforts. Firefighters were sent to extinguish the raging flames, and teams of workers and ordinary citizens were ordered to remove the thousands of corpses before disease could spread. Contrary to custom and against the wishes of the Church, many corpses were loaded onto barges and buried at sea beyond the mouth of the Tagus. To prevent disorder in the ruined city, the Portuguese Army was deployed and gallows were constructed at high points around the city to deter looters; more than thirty people were publicly executed.[10] The Army prevented many able-bodied citizens from fleeing, pressing them into relief and reconstruction work.
The king and the prime minister immediately launched efforts to rebuild the city, hiring architects, engineers and organizing labor.
Model of the seismically protective wooden structure, the "gaiola pombalina" (pombaline cage), developed for the reconstruction of pombaline downtown
In less than a year, the city was cleared of debris. Keen to have a new and perfectly ordained city, the king commissioned the construction of big squares, rectilinear, large avenues and widened streets — the new mottos of Lisbon. When the Marquis of Pombal was asked about the need for such wide streets, he is said to have replied: "one day they will be small."
The Pombaline buildings are among the first seismically protected constructions in the world. Small wooden models were built for testing, and earthquakes were simulated by marching troops around them. Lisbon's "new" downtown, known today as the Pombaline Downtown (Baixa Pombalina), is one of the city's famed attractions. Sections of other Portuguese cities, like the Vila Real de Santo António in Algarve, were also rebuilt along Pombaline principles.
The Casa Pia, a Portuguese institution founded by Mary I, known as "Pia" (Pious, in English), and organized by Police Intendant Pina Manique in 1780, was founded following the social disarray of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
[edit] Effect on society and philosophy
Voltaire
The earthquake had wide-ranging effects on the lives of the populace and intelligentsia. The earthquake had struck on an important church holiday and had destroyed almost every important church in the city, causing anxiety and confusion amongst the citizens of a staunch and devout Roman Catholic city and country, which had been a major patron of the Church. Theologians and philosophers would focus and speculate on the religious cause and message, seeing the earthquake as a manifestation of the anger of God.
The earthquake and its fallout strongly influenced the intelligentsia of the European Age of Enlightenment. The noted writer-philosopher Voltaire used the earthquake in Candide and in his Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne ("Poem on the Lisbon disaster"). Voltaire's Candide attacks the notion that all is for the best in this, "the best of all possible worlds", a world closely supervised by a benevolent deity. The Lisbon disaster provided a salutary counterexample. As Theodor Adorno wrote, "[t]he earthquake of Lisbon sufficed to cure Voltaire of the theodicy of Leibniz" (Negative Dialectics 361). In the later twentieth century, following Adorno, the 1755 earthquake has sometimes been compared to the Holocaust as a catastrophe that transformed European culture and philosophy. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was also influenced by the devastation following the earthquake, whose severity he believed was due to too many people living within the close quarters of the city. Rousseau used the earthquake as an argument against cities as part of his desire for a more naturalistic way of life.[citation needed]
Immanuel Kant
The concept of the sublime, though it existed before 1755, was developed in philosophy and elevated to greater importance by Immanuel Kant, in part as a result of his attempts to comprehend the enormity of the Lisbon quake and tsunami. Kant published three separate texts on the Lisbon earthquake. The young Kant, fascinated with the earthquake, collected all the information available to him in news pamphlets, and used it to formulate a theory of the causes of earthquakes. Kant's theory, which involved the shifting of huge subterranean caverns filled with hot gases, was (though ultimately shown to be false) one of the first systematic modern attempts to explain earthquakes by positing natural, rather than supernatural, causes. According to Walter Benjamin, Kant's slim early book on the earthquake "probably represents the beginnings of scientific geography in Germany. And certainly the beginnings of seismology."
Werner Hamacher has claimed that the earthquake's consequences extended into the vocabulary of philosophy, making the common metaphor of firm "grounding" for philosophers' arguments shaky and uncertain: "Under the impression exerted by the Lisbon earthquake, which touched the European mind in one [of] its more sensitive epochs, the metaphor of ground and tremor completely lost their apparent innocence; they were no longer merely figures of speech" (263). Hamacher claims that the foundational certainty of Descartes' philosophy began to shake following the Lisbon earthquake.
The earthquake had a major impact on Portuguese politics. The prime minister was the favorite of the king, but the aristocracy despised him as an upstart son of a country squire (although the Prime Minister Sebastião de Melo is known today as Marquis of Pombal, the title was only granted in 1770, fifteen years after the earthquake). The prime minister in turn disliked the old nobles, whom he considered corrupt and incapable of practical action. Before 1 November 1755 there was a constant struggle for power and royal favor, but the competent response of the Marquis of Pombal effectively severed the power of the old aristocratic factions. However, silent opposition and resentment of King Joseph I began to rise, which would culminate with the attempted assassination of the king, and the subsequent elimination of the powerful Duke of Aveiro and the Távora family.
[edit] Development of seismology
The prime minister's response was not limited to the practicalities of reconstruction. He ordered a query sent to all parishes of the country regarding the earthquake and its effects. Questions included:
* how long did the earthquake last?
* how many aftershocks were felt?
* what kind of damage was caused?
* did animals behave strangely?
* what happened in wells and water holes?
The answers to these and other questions are still archived in the Torre do Tombo, the national historical archive. Studying and cross-referencing the priests' accounts, modern scientists were able to reconstruct the event from a scientific perspective. Without the query designed by the Marquis of Pombal, this would have been impossible. Because the marquis was the first to attempt an objective scientific description of the broad causes and consequences of an earthquake, he is regarded as a forerunner of modern seismological scientists.
The geological causes of this earthquake and the seismic activity in the region continue to be discussed and debated by contemporary scientists.
1755 Lisbon earthquake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1755 Lisbon earthquake
Date 1 November 1755 (1755-11)
Magnitude 9.0 Mw
Epicenter location Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Countries/
regions affected Kingdom of Portugal
Casualties between 10,000 and 100,000
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on 1 November 1755, at around 9:40 in the morning.[1] The earthquake was followed by a tsunami and fires, which caused near-total destruction of Lisbon in the Kingdom of Portugal, and adjoining areas. Geologists today estimate the Lisbon earthquake approached magnitude 9 on the Moment magnitude scale, with an epicenter in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km (120 mi) west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent. Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon alone between 10,000 and 100,000 people,[2] making it one of the most destructive earthquakes in history.
The earthquake accentuated political tensions in the Kingdom of Portugal and profoundly disrupted the country's eighteenth-century colonial ambitions. The event was widely discussed and dwelt upon by European Enlightenment philosophers, and inspired major developments in theodicy and in the philosophy of the sublime. As the first earthquake studied scientifically for its effects over a large area, it led to the birth of modern seismology and earthquake engineering.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 The earthquake and tsunami
* 2 Economic and cultural impact
* 3 Relief and reconstruction efforts
* 4 Effect on society and philosophy
* 5 Development of seismology
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 External links
[edit] The earthquake and tsunami
1755 copper engraving showing Lisbon in flames and a tsunami overwhelming the ships in the harbor.
A depiction of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake as seen from the Atlantic
The Azores-Gibraltar Transform Fault which marks the boundary between the African (Nubian) and the Eurasian continental plates runs westward from Gibraltar into the Atlantic. It shows a complex and active tectonic behavior, and is responsible for several important earthquakes that hit Lisbon before November 1755: eight in the 14th century, five in the 16th century (including the 1531 earthquake that destroyed 1,500 houses, and the 1597 earthquake when three streets vanished), and three in the 17th century. During the 18th century, earthquakes were reported in 1724 and 1750.
In 1755, the earthquake struck on the morning of 1 November, the Catholic holiday of All Saints' Day. Contemporary reports state that the earthquake lasted between three-and-a-half and six minutes, causing gigantic fissures five metres (15 ft) wide to appear in the city centre. Survivors rushed to the open space of the docks for safety and watched as the water receded, revealing a sea floor littered by lost cargo and old shipwrecks. Approximately forty minutes after the earthquake, an enormous tsunami engulfed the harbour and downtown, rushing up the Tagus river[3], "so fast that several people riding on horseback ... were forced to gallop as fast as possible to the upper grounds for fear of being carried away". It was followed by two more waves. In the areas unaffected by the tsunami, fire quickly broke out, and flames raged for five days.
Lisbon was not the only Portuguese city affected by the catastrophe. Throughout the south of the country, in particular the Algarve, destruction was rampant. A tsunami destroyed some coastal fortresses in the Algarve and, in the lower levels, razed several houses. Almost all the coastal towns and villages of the Algarve were heavily damaged, except Faro, which was protected by the sandy banks of Ria Formosa. In Lagos, the waves reached the top of the city walls. Other towns of different Portuguese regions, like Peniche, Cascais, and even Covilhã which is located near the Serra da Estrela mountain range in central inland Portugal, were affected. The shock waves of the earthquake destroyed part of Covilhã's castle walls and its large towers. On the island of Madeira, Funchal and many smaller settlements suffered significant damage. Almost all of the ports in the Azores archipelago suffered most of their destruction from the tsunami, with the sea penetrating about 150 m inland.
Calculated travel times for the tsunami waves of 1 November 1755
Shocks from the earthquake were felt throughout Europe as far as Finland and North Africa, and according to some sources even in Greenland[4] and in the Caribbean[5]. Tsunamis as tall as 20 metres (66 ft) swept the coast of North Africa, and struck Martinique and Barbados across the Atlantic. A three-metre (ten-foot) tsunami hit Cornwall on the southern English coast. Galway, on the west coast of Ireland, was also hit, resulting in partial destruction of the "Spanish Arch" section of the city wall.
Although seismologists and geologists had always agreed that the epicenter was in the Atlantic to the West of the Iberian Peninsula, its exact location has been a subject of considerable debate. Early theories had proposed the Gorringe Ridge until simulations showed that a source closer to the shore of Portugal was required to comply with the observed effects of the tsunami. A seismic reflection survey of the ocean floor along the Azores-Gibraltar fault has revealed a 50 km-long thrust structure Southwest of Cape St. Vincent, with a dip-slip throw of more than 1 km, that might have been created by the primary tectonic event.[6]
[edit] Economic and cultural impact
The ruins of the Carmo Convent, which was destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake.
Economic historian Alvaro Pereira estimated that of Lisbon's population of approximately 200,000 people, some 30,000–40,000 were killed. Another 10,000 may have lost their lives in Morocco, although local reports are vague and damage reports relating to the 1 November event are difficult to separate from those of another series of local earthquakes that occurred on Nov. 18–19.[7] The total death toll in Portugal, Spain and Morocco from the earthquake and the resulting fires and tsunami was estimated at 40,000 to 50,000 people.[8]
Eighty-five percent of Lisbon's buildings were destroyed, including famous palaces and libraries, as well as most examples of Portugal's distinctive 16th-century Manueline architecture. Several buildings that had suffered little earthquake damage were destroyed by the subsequent fire. The new Opera House, opened just six months before (named the Phoenix Opera), burned to the ground. The Royal Ribeira Palace, which stood just beside the Tagus river in the modern square of Terreiro do Paço, was destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami. Inside, the 70,000-volume royal library as well as hundreds of works of art, including paintings by Titian, Rubens, and Correggio, were lost. The royal archives disappeared together with detailed historical records of explorations by Vasco da Gama and other early navigators. The earthquake also damaged major churches in Lisbon, namely the Lisbon Cathedral, the Basilicas of São Paulo, Santa Catarina, São Vicente de Fora, and the Misericordia Church. The Royal Hospital of All Saints (the largest public hospital at the time) in the Rossio square was consumed by fire and hundreds of patients burned to death. The tomb of national hero Nuno Álvares Pereira was also lost. Visitors to Lisbon may still walk the ruins of the Carmo Convent, which were preserved to remind Lisboners of the destruction.
[edit] Relief and reconstruction efforts
Further information: Pombaline style
The Ruins of Lisbon. Survivors lived in tents on the outskirts of the city after the earthquake, as shown in this fanciful 1755 German engraving.
Detail from above: Executions in the aftermath of the Lisbon earthquake. At least 34 looters were hanged in the chaotic aftermath of the disaster. As a warning against looting, King Joseph I of Portugal ordered gallows to be constructed in several parts of the city.
The royal family escaped unharmed from the catastrophe; King Joseph I of Portugal and the court had left the city, after attending mass at sunrise, fulfilling the wish of one of the king's daughters to spend the holiday away from Lisbon. After the catastrophe, Joseph I developed a fear of living within walls, and the court was accommodated in a huge complex of tents and pavilions in the hills of Ajuda, then on the outskirts of Lisbon. The king's claustrophobia never waned, and it was only after Joseph's death that his daughter Maria I of Portugal began building the royal Ajuda Palace, which still stands on the site of the old tented camp. Like the king, the prime minister Sebastião de Melo (the Marquis of Pombal) survived the earthquake. When asked what was to be done, Pombal reportedly replied "Bury the dead and heal the living,"[9] and set upon organizing relief and rehabilitation efforts. Firefighters were sent to extinguish the raging flames, and teams of workers and ordinary citizens were ordered to remove the thousands of corpses before disease could spread. Contrary to custom and against the wishes of the Church, many corpses were loaded onto barges and buried at sea beyond the mouth of the Tagus. To prevent disorder in the ruined city, the Portuguese Army was deployed and gallows were constructed at high points around the city to deter looters; more than thirty people were publicly executed.[10] The Army prevented many able-bodied citizens from fleeing, pressing them into relief and reconstruction work.
The king and the prime minister immediately launched efforts to rebuild the city, hiring architects, engineers and organizing labor.
Model of the seismically protective wooden structure, the "gaiola pombalina" (pombaline cage), developed for the reconstruction of pombaline downtown
In less than a year, the city was cleared of debris. Keen to have a new and perfectly ordained city, the king commissioned the construction of big squares, rectilinear, large avenues and widened streets — the new mottos of Lisbon. When the Marquis of Pombal was asked about the need for such wide streets, he is said to have replied: "one day they will be small."
The Pombaline buildings are among the first seismically protected constructions in the world. Small wooden models were built for testing, and earthquakes were simulated by marching troops around them. Lisbon's "new" downtown, known today as the Pombaline Downtown (Baixa Pombalina), is one of the city's famed attractions. Sections of other Portuguese cities, like the Vila Real de Santo António in Algarve, were also rebuilt along Pombaline principles.
The Casa Pia, a Portuguese institution founded by Mary I, known as "Pia" (Pious, in English), and organized by Police Intendant Pina Manique in 1780, was founded following the social disarray of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
[edit] Effect on society and philosophy
Voltaire
The earthquake had wide-ranging effects on the lives of the populace and intelligentsia. The earthquake had struck on an important church holiday and had destroyed almost every important church in the city, causing anxiety and confusion amongst the citizens of a staunch and devout Roman Catholic city and country, which had been a major patron of the Church. Theologians and philosophers would focus and speculate on the religious cause and message, seeing the earthquake as a manifestation of the anger of God.
The earthquake and its fallout strongly influenced the intelligentsia of the European Age of Enlightenment. The noted writer-philosopher Voltaire used the earthquake in Candide and in his Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne ("Poem on the Lisbon disaster"). Voltaire's Candide attacks the notion that all is for the best in this, "the best of all possible worlds", a world closely supervised by a benevolent deity. The Lisbon disaster provided a salutary counterexample. As Theodor Adorno wrote, "[t]he earthquake of Lisbon sufficed to cure Voltaire of the theodicy of Leibniz" (Negative Dialectics 361). In the later twentieth century, following Adorno, the 1755 earthquake has sometimes been compared to the Holocaust as a catastrophe that transformed European culture and philosophy. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was also influenced by the devastation following the earthquake, whose severity he believed was due to too many people living within the close quarters of the city. Rousseau used the earthquake as an argument against cities as part of his desire for a more naturalistic way of life.[citation needed]
Immanuel Kant
The concept of the sublime, though it existed before 1755, was developed in philosophy and elevated to greater importance by Immanuel Kant, in part as a result of his attempts to comprehend the enormity of the Lisbon quake and tsunami. Kant published three separate texts on the Lisbon earthquake. The young Kant, fascinated with the earthquake, collected all the information available to him in news pamphlets, and used it to formulate a theory of the causes of earthquakes. Kant's theory, which involved the shifting of huge subterranean caverns filled with hot gases, was (though ultimately shown to be false) one of the first systematic modern attempts to explain earthquakes by positing natural, rather than supernatural, causes. According to Walter Benjamin, Kant's slim early book on the earthquake "probably represents the beginnings of scientific geography in Germany. And certainly the beginnings of seismology."
Werner Hamacher has claimed that the earthquake's consequences extended into the vocabulary of philosophy, making the common metaphor of firm "grounding" for philosophers' arguments shaky and uncertain: "Under the impression exerted by the Lisbon earthquake, which touched the European mind in one [of] its more sensitive epochs, the metaphor of ground and tremor completely lost their apparent innocence; they were no longer merely figures of speech" (263). Hamacher claims that the foundational certainty of Descartes' philosophy began to shake following the Lisbon earthquake.
The earthquake had a major impact on Portuguese politics. The prime minister was the favorite of the king, but the aristocracy despised him as an upstart son of a country squire (although the Prime Minister Sebastião de Melo is known today as Marquis of Pombal, the title was only granted in 1770, fifteen years after the earthquake). The prime minister in turn disliked the old nobles, whom he considered corrupt and incapable of practical action. Before 1 November 1755 there was a constant struggle for power and royal favor, but the competent response of the Marquis of Pombal effectively severed the power of the old aristocratic factions. However, silent opposition and resentment of King Joseph I began to rise, which would culminate with the attempted assassination of the king, and the subsequent elimination of the powerful Duke of Aveiro and the Távora family.
[edit] Development of seismology
The prime minister's response was not limited to the practicalities of reconstruction. He ordered a query sent to all parishes of the country regarding the earthquake and its effects. Questions included:
* how long did the earthquake last?
* how many aftershocks were felt?
* what kind of damage was caused?
* did animals behave strangely?
* what happened in wells and water holes?
The answers to these and other questions are still archived in the Torre do Tombo, the national historical archive. Studying and cross-referencing the priests' accounts, modern scientists were able to reconstruct the event from a scientific perspective. Without the query designed by the Marquis of Pombal, this would have been impossible. Because the marquis was the first to attempt an objective scientific description of the broad causes and consequences of an earthquake, he is regarded as a forerunner of modern seismological scientists.
The geological causes of this earthquake and the seismic activity in the region continue to be discussed and debated by contemporary scientists.
Labels:
CATASTROPHISM,
DESTRUCTION,
EARTHQUAKE,
TSUNAMI,
WRATH
Saturday, November 14, 2009
MASSIVE TSUNAMI ON THE NORTH ATLANTIC
THIS IS YET ONE MORE PIECE OF EVIDENCE OF MASSIVE CATASTROPHIC EVENTS THAT SWEPT THIS EARTH. THINK ABOUT VERY LARGE BOULDERS BEING HURLED 150 FEET UP CLIFFS ONTO DRY GROUND FROM THE BED OF THE OCEAN.
THE ACTUAL WAVE MUST BE ALOT BIGGER THAN THAT! THE PACIFIC OCEAN HAS SEEN SOME SEVERE TSUNAMIS THAT MAKE THE RECENT ONE IN INDONESIA/THAILAND LOOK LIKE A DAY AT THE BEACH. BE SURE AND READ THE OTHER ARTICLES ON THE "TSUNAMI" LINK BELOW. HERE IS THE ARTICLE:
Ireland has the potential to be hit by a tsunami, according to NUI Galway Professor Mike Williams. And it wouldn't be the first time it has happened, either!
"Yes we do have the potential for a tsunami because we have been hit in the past," he says.
Williams first noticed Ireland's tsunami history when researching huge boulders on Ireland's West coast. He noticed that many boulders had been lodged on top of cliffs and other unlikely places.
Some boulders are perched as high as 25 meters on top of a cliff. They were previously believed to be a result of glacial erratics, but the professor has come to the conclusion that they owe their origin to tidal waves and devastating storms, which have the power to hurl boulders onto cliffs and high land.
During the "Night of the Big Wind" in 1839, many boulders were hurled onto the cliffs of Aran Island. A large wave was also recorded off Ireland's West coast on the March 11, 1861. A wave measuring over 50 meters high smashed into a lighthouse on Eagle Island and damaged it beyond repair.
There have also been recordings of people being washed off cliff edges by massive freak waves. The Lisbon Earthquake on November 1, 1775 also sent a wave to Finland, England, North Africa and Ireland. A large tsunami resulting from the earthquake partially destroyed Galway's Spanish arch and carried many people away with it.
However, Williams says that only a massive earthquake or underwater landslide of Biblical proportions could trigger a wave that could engulf Ireland's West coast.
He also points out an unlikely cause of destructive tidal wave would be an astroid. Fortunately, Ireland does not lie close to the fringes of a tectonic plate, so the chances of the Emerald Isle Isle being hit by a tsunami are rather slim.
It is most likely that another "Lisbon Earthquake" would be our greatest chance of being hit by another tsunami.
THE ACTUAL WAVE MUST BE ALOT BIGGER THAN THAT! THE PACIFIC OCEAN HAS SEEN SOME SEVERE TSUNAMIS THAT MAKE THE RECENT ONE IN INDONESIA/THAILAND LOOK LIKE A DAY AT THE BEACH. BE SURE AND READ THE OTHER ARTICLES ON THE "TSUNAMI" LINK BELOW. HERE IS THE ARTICLE:
Ireland has the potential to be hit by a tsunami, according to NUI Galway Professor Mike Williams. And it wouldn't be the first time it has happened, either!
"Yes we do have the potential for a tsunami because we have been hit in the past," he says.
Williams first noticed Ireland's tsunami history when researching huge boulders on Ireland's West coast. He noticed that many boulders had been lodged on top of cliffs and other unlikely places.
Some boulders are perched as high as 25 meters on top of a cliff. They were previously believed to be a result of glacial erratics, but the professor has come to the conclusion that they owe their origin to tidal waves and devastating storms, which have the power to hurl boulders onto cliffs and high land.
During the "Night of the Big Wind" in 1839, many boulders were hurled onto the cliffs of Aran Island. A large wave was also recorded off Ireland's West coast on the March 11, 1861. A wave measuring over 50 meters high smashed into a lighthouse on Eagle Island and damaged it beyond repair.
There have also been recordings of people being washed off cliff edges by massive freak waves. The Lisbon Earthquake on November 1, 1775 also sent a wave to Finland, England, North Africa and Ireland. A large tsunami resulting from the earthquake partially destroyed Galway's Spanish arch and carried many people away with it.
However, Williams says that only a massive earthquake or underwater landslide of Biblical proportions could trigger a wave that could engulf Ireland's West coast.
He also points out an unlikely cause of destructive tidal wave would be an astroid. Fortunately, Ireland does not lie close to the fringes of a tectonic plate, so the chances of the Emerald Isle Isle being hit by a tsunami are rather slim.
It is most likely that another "Lisbon Earthquake" would be our greatest chance of being hit by another tsunami.
Saturday, March 21, 2009
CATASTROPHISM - VERY LARGE TSUNAMIS ON TONGA
I AM ALWAYS RUNNING ACROSS DEPICTIONS OF VERY LARGE CATASTROPHIC EVENTS THAT CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY ANY OTHER THAN A CATASTROPHIST.
THIS ONE PARALLELS A LARGE TSUNAMI THAT SWEPT THE PACIFIC SIDE OF AUSTRALIA AND CAST EXTREMELY LARGE BOULDERS VERY FAR INLAND AND AT LARGE ELEVATIONS.
IOHANI WOLFGRAMM PREACHED TO THE PEOPLE OF TONGA THAT THEY WOULD ONE DAY REAP A VERY LARGE WAVE BECAUSE OF THE WICKEDNESS OF HIS PEOPLE. I BELIEVE THAT DAY IS VERY NEAR AT HAND. HERE IS AN ACCOUNT OF A PREVIOUS HIT:
Geology; February 2009; v. 37; no. 2; p. 131-134; DOI: 10.1130/G25277A.1
© 2009 Geological Society of America
Huge erratic boulders in Tonga deposited by a prehistoric tsunami
Cliff Frohlich1,*, Matthew J. Hornbach1, Frederick W. Taylor1, Chuan-Chou Shen2, 'Apai Moala3, Allan E. Morton4 and Jens Kruger5
1 Institute for Geophysics, John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758-4445, USA
2 Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
3 Geology Section, Ministry of Lands, Survey, and Natural Resources, Nuku'alofa, Tonga
4 343 Harvard Avenue, Rexburg, Idaho 83440, USA
5 SOPAC, South Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission, Nabua, Fiji Islands
Correspondence: *E-mail: cliff@ig.utexas.edu.
Along some coastlines there are erratic boulders apparently emplaced by tsunamis or cyclonic storms; evaluating their origin and time of emplacement places constraints on the frequency, severity, and location of coastal hazards. Seven such large coral limestone boulders are present near Fahefa village on Tongatapu Island, southwest Pacific, apparently emplaced by a prehistoric tsunami. These boulders are 10–20 m above sea level and above any possible source, and all are 100–400 m from the present shoreline. Coral 230Th ages indicate that the limestone formed during the last interglacial sea-level highstand, ca. 120–130 ka. The largest boulder is ~20 times more massive than any reported boulders emplaced by historically documented storms and may be the largest known tsunami or storm erratic worldwide situated above its source. We performed computer simulations to assess whether tsunamis produced by earthquakes, undersea landslides, or volcanoes could emplace the boulders. The simulations indicate that either volcanic flank collapse along the Tofua arc ~30–40 km to the southwest or undersea landslides on the submarine slopes of Tongatapu could be responsible. Either could explain why these boulders are not widespread on Tongatapu, and instead occur in a localized group along the western coast. This study demonstrates that small (<1 km3) submarine slope failures sometimes generate locally large tsunamis. The Fahefa boulders are in a well-studied and well-populated area, yet were unknown to the scientific community until recently; this suggests that systematic searches elsewhere for erratic boulders and other tsunami deposits might provide new information for assessing the size and extent of prehistoric tsunamis.
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