THE LOST TEN TRIBES

AUNT DONNA, HERE IS SOMETHING ON WHAT WE WERE TALKING ABOUT AT THANKSGIVING. CLAYTON R. BROUGH PUTS ALL OF THE THEORIES TOGETHER INTO ONE BOOK. I AM STICKING WITH ELIZA R. SNOW'S TAKE ON THINGS - AS IT FITS WITH HOW THE EVERLASTING HILLS WILL TREMBLE AT HIS COMING, THE SIGN OF THE COMING OF THE SON OF MAN, AND VELIKOVSKY'S THEORIES (MOST OF WHICH CAN BE FOUND IN THIS BLOG).

HERE IS A LINK TO AN AMAZON BOOK WHERE YOU CAN READ 80% OF THE BOOK:

http://books.google.com/books?id=ub4rLbadG9YC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=ten+tribes+on+a+planet&source=bl&ots=Wn647B1vA7&sig=5fNlxeb2OyJyXyT9LAffohmdepc&hl=en&ei=3EQSS9nRMoW4swP6qsnmAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=ten%20tribes%20on%20a%20planet&f=false

VITAMIN B-12 DEFICIENCY

WELL, HERE IS ANOTHER TOPIC THAT IS BECOMING NEAR AND DEAR TO MY HEART. AFTER WE LOST DALLIN, WE PLAYED RAPID CATCH-UP IN THE KIDS DEPT AND HAD THE LAST TWO RAPID-FIRE WITH ALL OF OUR ZERO-POP DOCS AND PEOPLE HERE IN SEATTLE WATCHING IN ABSOLUTE HORROR AS WE SINGLE-HANDEDLY BROUGHT LIFE ON THIS PLANET TO A GRINDING HALT WITH OUR MIS-GUIDED COPIOUS COPULATING.

WHILE THEY WERE OUT IN LEFT FIELD FROM A GOSPEL STANDPOINT, THEY MIGHT HAVE BEEN RIGHT ON ONE FRONT (IN HIND-SIGHT). DURING THE LAST PREGNANCY, SHAWNA'S PERSONALITY SLOWLY CHANGED FROM HER BUBBLY SELF TO A QUIET, WITHDRAWN, INTROSPECTIVE PERSON THAT I DID NOT RECOGNIZE. IT WAS A SLOW 9 MONTH NOSE-DIVE THAT CAUSED HER TO CHANGE 180 DEGREES IN HER VIEWS POLITICALLY AND RELIGIOUSLY ALONG WITH THE PERSONALITY CHANGE. SHE ALSO BECAME VERY ANXIOUS, MOODY, DEPRESSED, AND OVERWHELMED AT SEEMINGLY ORDINARY STUFF. BY THE TIME THE BABY CAME I WAS PRETTY MUCH AT MY ROPES END WITH ALL OF THESE CHANGES. I THOUGHT THEY WERE JUST PART OF THE PREGNANCY DEAL (EVEN THOUGH I HAD NOT OBSERVED THEM BEFORE IN THE PREVIOUS 4 PREGNANCIES) AND JUST KIND OF "ROLLED WITH IT".

THAT ALL CHANGED ABOUT SIX WEEKS AFTER THE BABY CAME HOME. SHAWNA STARTED HER PERIOD (WHILE BREAST FEEDING - NOT NORMAL....) WAS OVERLY AMOROUS (TO MY DELIGHT) AND BECAME WHAT WE LATER FOUND TO BE MANIC (RAPID SPEECH, THOUGHTS AND GRANDIOSE BEHAVIOR). MY WORST FEAR WAS REALIZED WHEN SHE WOULD NOT SLEEP FOR FEAR OF LOSING ANOTHER BABY IN THE NIGHT. I BEGAN TO WORRY FOR THE SAFETY OF THE KIDS - AND DID NOT WANT TO BE ANOTHER ONE OF THOSE POST-PARTUM DISASTERS YOU ALWAYS READ ABOUT. TO TOP IT ALL OFF, THE PHONE QUIT WORKING AND I WAS MORE OR LESS TRAPPED AT HOME TRYING TO DEAL WITH THIS AND COULD NOT EASILY CALL TO GET SOME ADVICE. FINALLY, I LEFT CAMYLLE AT HOME TO KEEP AN EYE ON HER MOM, AND I SPLIT FOR THE NEIGHBOR'S HOUSE TO CALL A CHURCH FRIEND WHO WAS IN THE MENTAL HEALTH FIELD. SHE WAS NOT HOME SO I CALLED THE R.S. PREZ AND SHE CAME RIGHT OVER WITH ANOTHER OF SHAWNA'S FRIENDS. THEY WERE ABLE TO COAX HER INTO THEIR SUBURBAN FOR A QUICK TRIP TO THE EMERGENCY ROOM FOR OBSERVATION. WHILE IN OBSERVATION, SHE ACTED RELATIVELY TOTALLY 'NORMAL' AND I HAD THE HARDEST TIME CONVINCING ANY NURSE OR DOCTOR THAT THERE WAS A PROBLEM. FOUR HOURS LATER AND USING ALL OF PEOPLE THAT HAD GATHERED TO HELP OUT (IT WAS QUITE THE CIRCUS), SHAWNA SPIT OUT A PILL AND BOLTED FOR THE DOOR (CONVINCED IN HER COMPROMISED STATE THAT WE WERE ALL OUT TO GET HER). SHE FINALLY ENDED UP GETTING TRANSPORTED TO A HOSPITAL THAT WAS ABLE TO SEDATE HER FOR TWO WEEKS TO GET OVER THE SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND TO PUMP HER FULL OF PSYCHOTROPICS FOR HER NOW-DIAGNOSED CONDITION OF "MANIC-DEPRESSIVE". SHE CAME HOME A ZOMBIE FROM ALL OF THE DRUGS THEY PUT HER ON, BUT THINGS WERE RELATIVELY 'NORMAL'. I WAS GRATEFUL THAT I STILL HAD MY JOB AFTER ONLY GOING INTO THE OFFICE FOR 2 DAYS OUT OF 60 AND TELECOMPUTING AND USING BANKED SICK-LEAVE AND VACATION FOR THE REMAINDER. IT PRETTY-MUCH WIPED US OUT IN THAT AREA.

I WAS ADVISED BY SEVERAL PEOPLE THAT THE STRESS OF LOSING DALLIN MAY HAVE BEEN TOO MUCH - AND THAT WE SHOULD LOOK FOR A NEW HOUSE AND A NEW START AND TO "MAKE SHAWNA AS COMFORTABLE AS POSSIBLE". I THOUGHT IT WAS ALL GOOD ADVICE - AND SO WE HAD OUR HOUSE BUILT AND BEGAN THAT PROCESS - ALL THE WHILE TRYING TO SHIELD SHAWNA FROM THE UPS AND DOWNS OF THAT STRESSFUL PROCESS. WE HAD STARTED OUR MONTANA PROJECT - BUT THAT WAS SHELVED FOR THE TIME-BEING TO FOCUS ON THE BIGGER FISH THAT WE WERE FRYING IN OUR PAN.

BEING THE PROBLEM-SOLVING ENGINEER THAT I AM, I DUG RIGHT INTO THIS PROBLEM TRYING TO FIND SOMEONE WHO HAD LICKED IT. I STAYED AWAY FROM CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE KNOWING THAT THEIR SOLUTION WAS JUST MORE EXPENSIVE PSYCHOTROPICS THAT JUST TREATED THE SYMPTOMS AND NOT THE UNDERLYING ROOT CAUSE. WHILE SHAWNA WAS STABILIZED ON THE PSYCHOTROPICS, SHE WAS NOT THE WOMAN I HAD MARRIED. THE DRUGS TOOK ALL THE HIGHS AND LOWS AWAY FROM HER PERSONALITY - I MIGHT AS WELL HAVE BEEN MARRIED TO ONE OF THOSE LIFE-LIKE ROBOTS FROM HONDA. I FELT LIKE MY MARITAL AND FAMILIAL QUALITY OF LIFE WAS AROUND 20% - NOTHING TO WRITE HOME ABOUT.... THE OLDER KIDS WERE GETTING FRUSTRATED ABOUT IT, AS WELL. THEY COULD SENSE THE MARKED CHANGE IN THEIR MOTHER. ON TOP OF THAT, CAMYLLE ENDED UP PLAYING MOTHER WHILE I WAS AWAY AT WORK BECAUSE JUST THE THOUGHT OF MAKING A SIMPLE DINNER OR CLEANING UP A MESS AROUND THE HOUSE HORRIBLY OVERWHELMED SHAWNA AND SOME DAYS, DEPENDING ON THE CLOCKING OF HER MENSTRUAL CYCLE ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE AND TESTOSTERONE. OUR FAMILY WAS REACHING THE BREAKING POINT. AROUND THAT TIME, I HAD A SINGULAR DREAM UNLIKE ANY OTHER I HAD EVER HAD AND I SEEMED TO GET THE IDEA THAT WE WOULD FIND A CURE FOR THIS - OUTSIDE OF PRIESTHOOD POWER AND THE BLESSINGS SHAWNA HAD RECEIVED. WITH OUR GREAT RESOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE, SOMETIMES IT IS JUST FINDING THE RIGHT KEY TO UNLOCK THAT KNOWLEDGE IN A WORLD WHERE TRUTH IS OFTEN NOT SOUGHT OUT - AND OFTEN SUPPRESSED DUE TO THE "DESIGNS OF CONSPIRING MEN". SORRY FOR YOU GOOD DOCTORS OUT THERE, BUT I HAVE LEARNED TO DESPISE OUR EXISTING CORRUPTED MEDICAL SYSTEM THAT, BY DESIGN, ONLY FOCUSES ON THE SYMPTOMS. I SUGGEST IF YOU ARE KNOWINGLY PART OF THAT SYSTEM, INSTEAD OF THE SOLUTION YOU WILL EXIT THE SCENE SHORTLY WITH THE REST THAT OPERATE ON BAD PRINCIPLE. THE EXISTING SYSTEM WILL LARGELY NOT BE INTACT WHEN THE SAVIOR MAKES HIS APPEARANCE AND WILL BE REPLACED BY A SYSTEM THAT ONLY HAS THE PATIENT'S BEST INTERESTS IN MIND - NOT THE DRUG COMPANIES'.

SO, FOLLOWING THE SPIRIT AND DIGGING AROUND ON THE INTERNET, I FOUND A STORY OF AN ENGINEER FROM THE CARDSTON AREA (LDS) WHO HAD 8 KIDS AND WHOSE WIFE LOST THE BATTLE TO POST-PARTUM BI-POLAR DEPRESSION AND WHO TOOK HER OWN LIFE. TO MAKE THINGS WORSE, TWO OF HIS KIDS BEGAN SHOWING SIMILAR SYMPTOMS (THIS SHOWED A HEREDITARY FACTOR) AND HE WAS SCARED THAT HE WOULD POSSIBLY LOSE THEM. HE MENTIONED HIS PROBLEM TO A FRIEND WHO WAS A PIG FARMER WHO SAID THAT WHEN HE HAD PIGS THAT WOULD DEVELOP A "SYNDROME" THAT WOULD CAUSE THEM TO EAT AT THE EARS AND TAILS OF THE OTHER PIGS IN THE HERD. THE COMMON CURE WAS TO ISOLATE THEM, FEED THEM A FEED RICH IN VITAMINS AND MINERALS FOR SEVERAL WEEKS AND THEN PLACE THEM BACK IN THE GENERAL POPULATION WITH NO FURTHER SIGNS OF TROUBLE. PIGS ARE CLOSE TO HUMANS PHYSIOLOGICALLY, SO THIS GOOD BROTHER ASKED HIS FRIEND FOR THE FORMULATION AND DUPLICATED IT IN USP GRADE VITAMINS ETC. HE GAVE THE CONCOCTION TO HIS KIDS AND WITHIN A FEW MONTHS THEY WERE SHOWING NO RESIDUAL SIGNS OF THE PROBLEMS THEY HAD STARTED WITH.

I MENTIONED THIS TO SHAWNA. SHE WENT TO A NATUROPATHIC DOCTOR SHE WOULD SEE OCCASIONALLY, WHO THEN ORDERED BLOOD TESTS FOR VITAMIN LEVELS. THE DOC CONFIRMED WHAT SHOULD HAVE BEEN SEEN BY A COMPETENT PHYSICIAN UP FRONT - B12 LEVELS WERE ROCK BOTTOM. SHAWNA WAS AT A BLOOD SERUM LEVEL OF 200 PICO-GRAMS PER DECILITER OF BLOOD AND A NORMAL LEVEL IS 3-5 TIMES THAT AND A BABY'S LEVELS ARE 10 TIMES THAT (WHICH IS HOW SHAWNA GOT IN HER CONDITION - SHE WAS BEING DEPLETED BY OUR ANNELISE WHO WAS TRYING TO GET ENOUGH FOR HER DEVELOPING BODY). ODDLY, I WAS SKEPTICAL AND WOULD JOKE TO SHAWNA ABOUT HER "WITCH DOCTOR" AND VOO-DOO MEDICINE. SHAWNA PERSISTED FOR ABOUT 5-6 WEEKS WITH VERY HIGH DOSAGE INTRA-MUSCULAR INJECTIONS OF B12 WHICH LITERALLY CAUSED THE "EMOTIONAL CLOUDS TO PART AND THE SUN COME OUT". I COULDN'T BELIEVE IT. JUST AS SHAWNA FADED OVER 9 MONTHS INTO A "ZOMBIE" I DIDN'T RECOGNIZE - INTO SOMEONE WHO EASILY COULD HAVE TAKEN HER OWN LIFE DUE TO OVERWHELMING DEPRESSION/ANXIETY - SHE WAS COMING BACK RIGHT BEFORE MY EYES (A YEAR LATER WE I KNOW WE ARE TOTALLY OUT OF THE WOODS). I WENT FROM CAUTIOUS SKEPTIC TO COMPLETE BELIEVER IN B12 AS AN ABSOLUTE ESSENTIAL ELEMENT FOR MIND (NERVOUS SYSTEM) AND BODY HEALTH. DUE TO ITS COMPLEXITY AS THE ONLY METAL-BASED (COBALT) AMINO ACID VITAMIN, JUST ONE OF THE STEPS OF ITS ASSIMILATION PROCESS THAT IS COMPROMISED CAN LEAD TO ITS DEFICIENCY AND CATASTROPHIC RESULTS THAT WE SAW. SINCE SOME STEPS IN THIS PROCESS CAN BE INFLUENCED BY EXTERNAL FACTORS SUCH AS HEREDITY, THE FACT THAT SHAWNA HAD ONE PERSON ON EACH SIDE OF HER FAMILY THAT SUFFERED FROM IT INCREASED HER RISK. THE OTHER THING THAT BROUGHT IT ABOUT WAS THE INDUCTION OF EXTREME STRESS DUE TO A MAJOR LIFE EVENT (LOSING A CHILD QUALIFIES IN THE EXTREME - AND THERE WAS MORE THAT LED TO THIS THAT I WILL PROBABLY BLOG LATER THAT IS WAY MORE FASCINATING THAN THIS LITTLE JOURNEY WE WERE SENT ON).

ANYWAY, THIS WHOLE EPISODE QUITE NEARLY LED TO THE END OF OUR MARRIAGE (I HAVE NOT EVEN SCRATCHED THE SURFACE AS TO HOW BIZARRE THINGS GOT, OUT OF RESPECT FOR SHAWNA AND THE FACT THAT THOSE DAYS DO NOT REPRESENT WHO SHE IS WHO IS A PERSON WHO IS ROCK SOLID SPIRITUALLY AND EMOTIONALLY) AS I LOST THE WILL TO COPE WITH MY WIFE'S BIZARRE SYMPTOMS. AS A SIDE NOTE, 90% OF MARRIAGES THAT HAVE AT LEAST ONE PARTNER WHO SUFFERS BI-POLAR SYMPTOMS LEADS TO DIVORCE. I DON'T THINK A TEMPLE MARRIAGE NECESSARILY INNOCULATES ONE AGAINST THIS TREND EITHER. TO MAKE THINGS WORSE, 70% OF COUPLES WHO LOSE A CHILD END UP DIVORCED DUE TO THE STRESS THAT COMES FROM THAT EVENT. THE COMPOSITE ODDS OF OUR MARRIAGE SURVIVING FOR THE THREE YEARS WE WERE IN THIS CONDITION WAS EFFECTIVELY 3%. THE ONLY THING THAT KEPT ME GOING AT PARTICULARLY DIFFICULT PERIODS WERE FREQUENT VISITS TO THE TEMPLE THAT SERVED TO RE-CHARGE ME SPIRITUALLY, A HIGH DOSE OF IRISH STUBBORNNESS..., AND A GOOD BROTHER WHO OPENED UP ABOUT HIS WIFE'S PROBLEM AND HOW HE DEALT WITH IT AND CONVINCED ME THAT I WAS A FOOL FOR NOT REALIZING SHAWNA'S THEORETICAL LONG-SUFFERING HAD THE SITUATION BEEN FLIPPED. THERE IS AN EXTREMELY HIGH INCIDENCE OF USE OF MOOD ALTERING DRUGS IN THE CHURCH - I BELIEVE UTAH LEADS THE CHARGE IN THIS AREA FOR ALL 50 STATES - AND THIS COULD ACCOUNT FOR HIGHER THAN EXPECTED DIVORCE RATES, TEEN-PREGNANCY RATES THAT MIRROR 'THE WORLD' AND OTHER BAFFLING PROBLEMS THAT DEFY THE TEACHINGS WE ARE GIVEN. THAT OUTSIDE OF THE PROBLEMS OF JUST GOOD OLD-FASHIONED LEVELS OF SIN THAT MIGHT BE EXPECTED AMONG PROPERLY-TRAINED LDS FOLK.

ON THAT NOTE, IN SHAWNA'S TWISTED MENTAL STATE, IMHO SHE WAS QUITE CAPABLE OF DOING ANYTHING FROM A "MARY K. LETOURNEAU" TO THE "TEXAS TOAST" (BOTH WOMEN WERE RECENT POST-PARTUMS WHEN THEY PLUNGED OFF THE DEEPT END) AND ALOT OF STUFF IN BETWEEN THAT I HAVE SEEN IN HUNDREDS OF CASES THAT I HAVE BUMPED INTO AND WITNESSED ANECDOTALLY. I WOULD NOT HAVE BELIEVED IF I HAD NOT SEEN IT AND EXPERIENCED IT IN A REAL WAY. WITH THINGS BACK IN BALANCE, I NEVER EXPECT TO WITNESS THIS KIND OF TROUBLE FOR THE REST OF OUR LIVES TOGETHER - AS SHAWNA IS PROBABLY MORE SANE THAN I AM RIGHT NOW.....:) IT IS A TRUE MIRACLE AND A FULFILLMENT OF THAT DREAM (TO BE RECORDED LATER) AND PART THREE OF THE "DALLIN DREAM" THAT I WILL POST THE TRANSCRIPT OF AND LINK AT A LATER TIME.

THE ONE THING THAT I WALKED AWAY FROM THIS WHOLE CONVOLUTED THING WITH WAS A COMPLETE AND TOTAL WITNESS THAT GOD LOVES US AND IS INTIMATELY INVOLVED WITH EACH OF HIS CHILDREN IN HELPING THEM REACH THEIR FULL POTENTIAL IN THIS LIFE. I ALSO LEARNED THAT, IF LIFE IS A CAKE WALK, THEN WE ARE NOT GETTING ANY GOOD FROM THIS MORTAL PROBATION. SO BUCKLE UP, DO WHAT IS RIGHT AND ENJOY THE RIDE THAT IS LIFE!!

GOD TRULY WILL NEVER GIVE YOU MORE THAN YOU CAN HANDLE.

HERE IS MORE INFO ON B12 FOR THOSE OF YOU THAT HAVE FAMILY THAT MAY BE STRUGGLING ALONG THESE LINES. THIS IS ONE OF THE MORE CONCISE EXPLANATIONS OF THE ROLE OF B12 THAT I HAVE COME ACROSS:



Micronutrient Information Center
Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 has the largest and most complex chemical structure of all the vitamins. It is unique among vitamins in that it contains a metal ion, cobalt. For this reason cobalamin is the term used to refer to compounds having vitamin B12 activity. Methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin are the forms of vitamin B12 used in the human body (1). The form of cobalamin used in most supplements, cyanocobalamin, is readily converted to 5-deoxyadenosyl and methylcobalamin in the body. In mammals, cobalamin is a cofactor for only two enzymes, methionine synthase and L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (2).

Function

Cofactor for methionine synthase

Methylcobalamin is required for the function of the folate-dependent enzyme, methionine synthase. This enzyme is required for the synthesis of the amino acid, methionine, from homocysteine. Methionine in turn is required for the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, a methyl group donor used in many biological methylation reactions, including the methylation of a number of sites within DNA and RNA (3). Methylation of DNA may be important in cancer prevention. Inadequate function of methionine synthase can lead to an accumulation of homocysteine, which has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (diagram).

Cofactor for L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

5-Deoxyadenosylcobalamin is required by the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This biochemical reaction plays an important role in the production of energy from fats and proteins. Succinyl CoA is also required for the synthesis of hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells (3).

Deficiency

Vitamin B12 deficiency is estimated to affect 10%-15% of individuals over the age of 60 (4). Absorption of vitamin B12 from food requires normal function of the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. Stomach acid and enzymes free vitamin B12 from food, allowing it to bind to other proteins called R proteins (3). In the alkaline environment of the small intestine, R proteins are degraded by pancreatic enzymes, freeing vitamin B12 to bind to intrinsic factor (IF), a protein secreted by specialized cells in the stomach. Receptors on the surface of the small intestine take up the IF-B12 complex only in the presence of calcium, which is supplied by the pancreas (5). Vitamin B12 can also be absorbed by passive diffusion, but this process is very inefficient—only about 1% absorption of the vitamin B12 dose is absorbed passively (2).

Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency

The most common causes of vitamin B12 deficiency are: 1) an autoimmune condition known as pernicious anemia and 2) food-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption. Although both causes become more common with increasing age, they are separate conditions (4).

Pernicious anemia

Pernicious anemia has been estimated to be present in approximately 2% of individuals over 60 (6). Although anemia is often a symptom, the condition is actually the end stage of an autoimmune inflammation of the stomach, resulting in destruction of stomach cells by one's own antibodies. Progressive destruction of the cells that line the stomach causes decreased secretion of acid and enzymes required to release food-bound vitamin B12. Antibodies to intrinsic factor (IF) bind to IF preventing formation of the IF-B12 complex, further inhibiting vitamin B12 absorption. If the body's vitamin B12 stores are adequate prior to the onset of pernicious anemia, it may take years for symptoms of deficiency to develop. About 20% of the relatives of pernicious anemia patients also have pernicious anemia, suggesting a genetic predisposition. Treatment of pernicious anemia generally requires injections of vitamin B12 to bypass intestinal absorption. High-dose oral supplementation is another treatment option, because consuming 1,000 mcg (1 mg)/day of vitamin B12 orally should result in the absorption of about 10 mcg/day (1% of dose) by passive diffusion (4). In fact, high-dose oral therapy is considered to be as effective as intramuscular injection (7-10).

Food-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption

Food-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption is defined as an impaired ability to absorb food or protein-bound vitamin B12, although the free form is fully absorbable (11). In the elderly, food-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption is thought to result mainly from atrophic gastritis, a chronic inflammation of the lining of the stomach that ultimately results in the loss of glands in the stomach (atrophy) and decreased stomach acid production. Because stomach acid is required for the release of vitamin B12 from the proteins in food, vitamin B12 absorption is diminished. Decreased stomach acid production also provides an environment conducive to the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the stomach, which further interferes with vitamin B12 absorption (3). Because vitamin B12 in supplements is not bound to protein, and because intrinsic factor (IF) is still available, the absorption of supplemental vitamin B12 is not reduced as it is in pernicious anemia. Thus, individuals with food-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption do not have an increased requirement for vitamin B12; they simply need it in the crystalline form found in fortified foods and dietary supplements.

Atrophic gastritis

Atrophic gastritis is thought to affect 10%-30% of people over 60 years of age, and the condition is frequently associated with infection by the bacteria, Heliobacter pylori. H. pylori infection induces chronic inflammation of the stomach, which may progress to peptic ulcer disease, atrophic gastritis, and/or gastric cancer in some individuals. The relationship of H. pylori infection to atrophic gastritis, gastric cancer, and vitamin B12 deficiency is presently an area of active research (4).

Other causes of vitamin B12 deficiency

Other causes of vitamin B12 deficiency include surgical resection of the stomach or portions of the small intestine where receptors for the IF-B12 complex are located. Conditions affecting the small intestine, such as malabsorption syndromes (celiac disease and tropical sprue), may also result in vitamin B12 deficiency. Because the pancreas provides critical enzymes as well as calcium required for vitamin B12 absorption, pancreatic insufficiency may contribute to B12 deficiency. Since vitamin B12 is found only in foods of animal origin, a strict vegetarian (vegan) diet has resulted in cases of vitamin B12 deficiency. Alcoholics may experience reduced intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 (2). Individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) appear to be at increased risk of deficiency, possibly related to a failure of the IF-B12 receptor to take up the IF-B12 complex (3). Long-term use of acid-reducing drugs has also been implicated in vitamin B12 deficiency (see Drug interactions).

Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency

Vitamin B12 deficiency results in impairment of the activities of B12-requiring enzymes. Impaired activity of methionine synthase may result in elevated homocysteine levels, while impaired activity of L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase results in increased levels of a metabolite of methylmalonyl-CoA called methylmalonic acid (MMA). Individuals with mild vitamin B12 deficiency may not experience symptoms, although blood levels of homocysteine and/or MMA may be elevated (12).

Megaloblastic anemia

Diminished activity of methionine synthase in vitamin B12 deficiency inhibits the regeneration of tetrahydrofolate (THF) and traps folate in a form that is not usable by the body (diagram), resulting in symptoms of folate deficiency even in the presence of adequate folate levels. Thus, in both folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies, folate is unavailable to participate in DNA synthesis. This impairment of DNA synthesis affects the rapidly dividing cells of the bone marrow earlier than other cells, resulting in the production of large, immature, hemoglobin-poor red blood cells. The resulting anemia is known as megaloblastic anemia and is the symptom for which the disease, pernicious anemia, was named (3). Supplementation with folic acid will provide enough usable folate to restore normal red blood cell formation. However, if vitamin B12 deficiency is the cause, it will persist despite the resolution of the anemia. Thus, megaloblastic anemia should not be treated with folic acid until the underlying cause has been determined (5).

Neurologic symptoms

The neurologic symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency include numbness and tingling of the arms and, more commonly, the legs, difficulty walking, memory loss, disorientation, and dementia with or without mood changes. Although the progression of neurologic complications is generally gradual, such symptoms are not always reversible with treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency, especially if they have been present for a long time. Neurologic complications are not always associated with megaloblastic anemia and are the only clinical symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency in about 25% of cases (6). Although vitamin B12 deficiency is known to damage the myelin sheath covering cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, the biochemical processes leading to neurological damage in B12 deficiency are not well understood (3).

Gastrointestinal symptoms

Tongue soreness, appetite loss, and constipation have also been associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. The origins of these symptoms are unclear, but they may be related to the stomach inflammation underlying some cases of B12 deficiency, or to the increased vulnerability of rapidly dividing gastrointestinal cells to impaired DNA synthesis (6).

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

The current RDA was revised by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine in 1998. Because of the increased risk of food-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption in older adults, the FNB recommended that adults over 50 years of age get most of the RDA from fortified food or vitamin B12-containing supplements (6).
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Vitamin B12
Life Stage Age Males (mcg/day) Females (mcg/day)
Infants 0-6 months 0.4 (AI) 0.4 (AI)
Infants 7-12 months 0.5 (AI) 0.5 (AI)
Children 1-3 years 0.9 0.9
Children 4-8 years 1.2 1.2
Children 9-13 years 1.8 1.8
Adolescents 14-18 years 2.4 2.4
Adults 19-50 years 2.4 2.4
Adults 51 years and older 2.4* 2.4*
Pregnancy all ages - 2.6
Breast-feeding all ages - 2.8

*Vitamin B12 intake should be from supplements or fortified foods due to the age-related increase in food bound malabsorption.

Disease Prevention

Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease

The results of more than 80 studies indicate that even moderately elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (13), though the mechanism by which homocysteine increases the disease risk remains the subject of a great deal of research. The amount of homocysteine in the blood is regulated by at least three vitamins: folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 (diagram). Analysis of the results of 12 homocysteine-lowering trials showed folic acid supplementation (0.5-5 mg/day) had the greatest lowering effect on blood homocysteine levels (25% decrease); co-supplementation with folic acid and vitamin B12 (mean 0.5 mg/day or 500 mcg/day) provided an additional 7% reduction (32% decrease) in blood homocysteine concentrations (14). The results of a sequential supplementation trial in 53 men and women indicated that after folic acid supplementation, vitamin B12 became the major determinant of plasma homocysteine levels (15). Some evidence indicates that vitamin B12 deficiency is a major cause of elevated homocysteine levels in people over the age of 60. Two studies found blood methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels to be elevated in more than 60% of elderly individuals with elevated homocysteine levels. An elevated MMA level in conjunction with elevated homocysteine, in the absence of impaired kidney function, suggests either a vitamin B12 deficiency or a combined B12 and folate deficiency (16). Thus, it is important to evaluate vitamin B12 status as well as kidney function in older individuals with elevated homocysteine levels prior to initiating homocysteine-lowering therapy. For more information regarding homocysteine and cardiovascular diseases, see the article on folic acid.

Although increased intake of folic acid and vitamin B12 has been found to decrease homocysteine levels, it is not presently known whether increasing intake of these vitamins will translate to reductions in risk for cardiovascular diseases. However, several randomized placebo-controlled trials are presently being conducted to determine whether homocysteine lowering through folic acid and other B vitamin supplementation reduces the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. A meta-analysis of data from four of the ongoing trials shows that B vitamin supplementation had no significant effect on risk of coronary heart disease or stroke, but only about 14,000 participants were included in analysis and thus any conclusions are limited (17). Nevertheless, the completion of ongoing clinical trials should help to answer whether or not supplemental B vitamins lower risk for cardiovascular diseases.

Cancer

Folate is required for synthesis of DNA, and there is evidence that decreased availability of folate results in strands of DNA that are more susceptible to damage. Deficiency of vitamin B12 traps folate in a form that is unusable by the body for DNA synthesis. Both vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies result in a diminished capacity for methylation reactions (diagram). Thus, vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to an elevated rate of DNA damage and altered methylation of DNA, both of which are important risk factors for cancer. A recent series of studies in young adults and older men indicated that increased levels of homocysteine and decreased levels of vitamin B12 in the blood were associated with a biomarker of chromosome breakage in white blood cells. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the same biomarker of chromosome breakage was minimized in young adults who were supplemented with 700 mcg of folic acid and 7 mcg of vitamin B12 daily in cereal for two months (18).

Breast cancer

A case-control study compared prediagnostic levels of serum folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in 195 women later diagnosed with breast cancer and 195 age-matched women who were not diagnosed with breast cancer (19). Among women who were postmenopausal at the time of blood donation, the association between blood levels of vitamin B12 and breast cancer suggested a threshold effect. The risk of breast cancer was more than doubled in women with serum vitamin B12 levels in the lowest quintile (1/5) compared to women in the four highest quintiles. The investigators found no relationship between breast cancer and serum levels of vitamin B6, folate, or homocysteine. A case-control study in Mexican women (475 cases and 1,391 controls) reported that breast cancer risk for women in the highest quartile (1/4) of vitamin B12 intake was 68% lower than those in the lowest quartile (20). Stratification of the data revealed that the inverse association between dietary vitamin B12 intake and breast cancer risk was stronger in postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women, though both associations were statistically significant. Because these studies were observational, it cannot be determined whether decreased serum levels of vitamin B12 or low dietary vitamin B12 intakes were a cause or a result of breast cancer. Previously, there has been little evidence to suggest a relationship between vitamin B12 status and breast cancer risk. However, high dietary folate intakes have been associated with reduced risk for breast cancer in several studies, and some studies have reported that vitamin B12 intake may modify this association (21, 22).

Neural tube defects

Neural tube defects (NTD) may result in anencephaly or spina bifida, devastating and sometimes fatal birth defects. The defects occur between the 21st and 27th days after conception, a time when many women do not realize they are pregnant (23). Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated 60% to 100% reductions in NTD cases when women consumed folic acid supplements in addition to a varied diet during the month before and the month after conception. Increasing evidence indicates that the homocysteine-lowering effect of folic acid plays a critical role in lowering the risk of NTD (24). Homocysteine may accumulate in the blood when there is inadequate folate and/or vitamin B12 for effective functioning of the methionine synthase enzyme. Decreased vitamin B12 levels in the blood and amniotic fluid of pregnant women have been associated with an increased risk of NTD, suggesting that adequate vitamin B12 intake in addition to folic acid may be beneficial in the prevention of NTD.

Alzheimer's disease and dementia

Individuals with Alzheimer's disease often have low blood levels of vitamin B12. One study found lower vitamin B12 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease than in patients with other types of dementia, though blood levels of vitamin B12 did not differ (25). The reason for the association of low vitamin B12 status with Alzheimer's disease is not clear. Vitamin B12 deficiency, like folate deficiency, may lead to decreased synthesis of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine, thereby adversely affecting methylation reactions. Methylation reactions are essential for the metabolism of components of the myelin sheath of nerve cells as well as neurotransmitters. Also, moderately increased homocysteine levels as well as decreased folate and vitamin B12 levels have been associated with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.

Some but not all studies have associated elevated homocysteine concentrations or decreased serum levels of vitamin B12 with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. A case-control study of 164 patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type included 76 cases in which the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease was confirmed by examination of brain cells after death (26). Compared to 108 control subjects without evidence of dementia, subjects with dementia of Alzheimer's type and confirmed Alzheimer's disease had higher blood homocysteine levels and lower blood levels of folate and vitamin B12. Measures of general nutritional status indicated that the association of increased homocysteine levels and diminished vitamin B12 status with Alzheimer's disease was not due to dementia-related malnutrition (26). In another study, low serum vitamin B12 (< 150 pmol/L) or folate (< 10 nmol/L) levels were associated with a doubling of the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in 370 elderly men and women followed over three years (27). In a sample of 1,092 men and women without dementia followed for an average of ten years, those with higher plasma homocysteine levels at baseline had a significantly higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia (28). Specifically, those with plasma homocysteine levels greater than 14 micromol/L had nearly double the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. A study in 650 elderly men and women reported that the risk of elevated plasma homocysteine levels was significantly higher in those with lower cognitive function scores (29). A prospective study in 816 elderly men and women reported that those with elevated homocysteine levels
(> 15 micromol/L) had a significantly higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease or dementia, but vitamin B12 status was not related to risk of Alzheimer's disease or dementia in this study (30). Similarly, another prospective study in 965 older adults found that vitamin B12 status was not related to the risk of Alzheimer's disease (31). Further, a prospective study in 1,041 older adults, followed for a median of 3.9 years, found that vitamin B12 dietary intake was not associated with risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (32).

B vitamin supplementation is commonly used to treat hyperhomocysteinemia. A recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 253 older individuals with plasma homocysteine concentrations equal to or greater than 13 micromol/L found that daily B vitamin supplementation (1 mg folic acid, 0.5 mg vitamin B12, and 10 mg vitamin B6) for two years did not affect measures of cognitive performance despite an average 4.36 micromol/L reduction in plasma homocysteine concentrations (33). Another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 195 elderly adults reported that oral vitamin B12 supplementation (1 mg daily) for six months had no effect on measures of cognitive function (34). Several of the homocysteine-lowering trials primarily focused on assessing cardiovascular disease risk will also assess measures of cognitive function (35). Thus, the findings of these ongoing trials may provide insight into whether long-term B vitamin supplementation is protective against dementia.

Depression

Observational studies have found as many as 30% of patients hospitalized for depression are deficient in vitamin B12 (36). A cross-sectional study of 700 community-living, physically disabled women over the age of 65 found that vitamin B12 deficient women were twice as likely to be severely depressed as non-deficient women (37). A population-based study in 3,884 elderly men and women with depressive disorders found that those with vitamin B12 deficiency were almost 70% more likely to experience depression than those with normal vitamin B12 status (38). The reasons for the relationship between vitamin B12 deficiency and depression are not clear but may involve S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe). Vitamin B12 and folate are required for the synthesis of SAMe, a methyl group donor essential for the metabolism of neurotransmitters whose bioavailability has been related to depression. This hypothesis is supported by several studies that have shown supplementation with SAMe improves depressive symptoms (39-42). Because few studies have examined the relationship of vitamin B12 status and the development of depression over time, it cannot yet be determined if vitamin B12 deficiency plays a causal role in depression. However, due to the high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in older individuals, it may be beneficial to screen for vitamin B12 deficiency as part of a medical evaluation for depression.

Sources

Food sources

Only bacteria can synthesize vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is present in animal products such as meat, poultry, fish (including shellfish), and to a lesser extent milk, but it is not generally present in plant products or yeast (1). Fresh pasteurized milk contains 0.9 mcg per cup and is an important source of vitamin B12 for some vegetarians (6). Those vegetarians who eat no animal products need supplemental vitamin B12 to meet their requirements. Also, individuals over the age of 50 should obtain their vitamin B12 in supplements or fortified foods like fortified cereal because of the increased likelihood of food-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption.

Most people do not have a problem obtaining the RDA of 2.4 mcg/day of vitamin B12 in food. In the United States, the average intake of vitamin B12 is about 4.5 mcg/day for young adult men, and 3 mcg/day for young adult women. In a sample of adults over the age of 60, men were found to have an average dietary intake of 3.4 mcg/day and women had an average dietary intake of 2.6 mcg/day (6). Some foods with substantial amounts of vitamin B12 are listed in the table below along with their vitamin B12 content in micrograms (mcg). For more information on the nutrient content of specific foods, search the USDA food composition database.
Food Serving Vitamin B12 (mcg)
Clams (steamed) 3 ounces 84.0
Mussels (steamed) 3 ounces 20.4
Crab (steamed) 3 ounces 8.8
Salmon (baked) 3 ounces* 2.4
Rockfish (baked) 3 ounces 1.0
Beef (cooked) 3 ounces 2.1
Chicken (roasted) 3 ounces 0.3
Turkey (roasted) 3 ounces 0.3
Egg (poached) 1 large 0.6
Milk (skim) 8 ounces 0.9
Brie (cheese) 1 ounce 0.5

*A three-ounce serving of meat or fish is about the size of a deck of cards.

Supplements

Cyanocobalamin is the principal form of vitamin B12 used in supplements but methylcobalamin is also available as a supplement. Cyanocobalamin is available by prescription in an injectable form and as a nasal gel for the treatment of pernicious anemia. Over-the-counter preparations containing cyanocobalamin include multivitamin, vitamin B-complex, and vitamin B12 supplements (43).

Safety

Toxicity

No toxic or adverse effects have been associated with large intakes of vitamin B12 from food or supplements in healthy people. Doses as high as 1 mg (1000 mcg) daily by mouth or 1 mg monthly by intramuscular (IM) injection have been used to treat pernicious anemia without significant side effects. When high doses of vitamin B12 are given orally, only a small percentage can be absorbed, which may explain the low toxicity. Because of the low toxicity of vitamin B12, no tolerable upper intake level (UL) was set by the Food and Nutrition Board in 1998 when the RDA was revised (6).

Drug interactions

A number of drugs reduce the absorption of vitamin B12. Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole and lansoprazole), used for therapy of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), markedly decrease stomach acid secretion required for the release of vitamin B12 from food but not from supplements. Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors has been found to decrease blood vitamin B12 levels. However, vitamin B12 deficiency does not generally develop until after at least three years of continuous therapy (44). Another class of gastric acid inhibitors known as H2-receptor antagonists (e.g., Tagamet, Pepsid, Zantac), often used to treat peptic ulcer disease, has also been found to decrease the absorption of vitamin B12 from food. Because inhibition of gastric acid secretion is not as prolonged as with proton pump inhibitors H2-receptor antagonists have not been found to cause overt vitamin B12 deficiency even after long-term use (45). Individuals taking drugs that inhibit gastric acid secretion should consider taking vitamin B12 in the form of a supplement because gastric acid is not required for its absorption. Other drugs found to inhibit vitamin B12 absorption from food include cholestyramine (a bile acid-binding resin used in the treatment of high cholesterol), chloramphenicol and neomycin (antibiotics), and colchicine (anti-gout medicine). Metformin, a medication for individuals with type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes, decreases vitamin B12 absorption by tying up free calcium required for absorption of the IF-B12 complex. This effect is correctable by drinking milk or taking calcium carbonate tablets along with food or supplements (5). Previous reports that megadoses of vitamin C destroy vitamin B12 have not been supported (46) and may have been an artifact of the assay used to measure vitamin B12 levels (6).

Nitrous oxide, a commonly used anesthetic, inhibits both of the vitamin B12- dependent enzymes and can produce many of the clinical features of vitamin B12 deficiency, such as megaloblastic anemia or neuropathy. Because nitrous oxide is commonly used for surgery in the elderly, some experts feel vitamin B12 deficiency should be ruled out prior to its use (4, 12).

Large doses of folic acid given to an individual with an undiagnosed vitamin B12 deficiency could correct megaloblastic anemia without correcting the underlying vitamin B12 deficiency, leaving the individual at risk of developing irreversible neurologic damage (6). For this reason the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine advises that all adults limit their intake of folic acid (supplements and fortification) to 1000 mcg (1 mg) daily.

Linus Pauling Institute Recommendation

A varied diet should provide enough vitamin B12 to prevent deficiency in most individuals 50 years of age and younger. Individuals over the age of 50, strict vegetarians, and women planning to become pregnant should take a multivitamin supplement daily or eat a fortified breakfast cereal, which would ensure a daily intake of 6 to 30 mcg of vitamin B12 in a form that is easily absorbed. Higher doses of vitamin B12 supplements are recommended for patients taking medications that interfere with its absorption (see Drug interactions).

Older adults (> 50 years)

Because vitamin B12 malabsorption and vitamin B12 deficiency are more common in older adults, some respected nutritionists recommend that adults older than 50 years take 100 to 400 mcg/day of supplemental vitamin B12, an amount provided by a number of vitamin B-complex supplements.

References

Written in March 2003 by:
Jane Higdon, Ph.D.
Linus Pauling Institute
Oregon State University

IF THIS IS NOT ENOUGH OF A WITNESS JUST FOR BI-POLAR CURES, ALOT OF OTHER PEOPLE OUT THERE ARE SUFFERING FROM CANCERS AND OTHER CONDITIONS THAT ARE CURABLE WITH THE CORRECT BALANCING OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS IN THE BODY. THE FATHER OF AN OLD FLAME (QUITE NEARLY MY FIANCE HAD CIRCUMSTANCES BEEN SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT) OF MINE IS SUFFERING FROM ESOPHAGAEL CANCER THAT MIGHT WELL HAVE BEEN CAUSED BY A MINERAL DEFICIENCY (MOLYBDENUM). I HOPE THEY HAVE THE COURAGE AND ARE AWAKE ENOUGH TO AT LEAST INVESTIGATE THIS AS A POSSIBILITY. AS BRIGHAM YOUNG USED TO SAY, THERE ARE ALOT OF PEOPLE WHO ARE RESTING (SIX FEET UNDER) BECAUSE THEY WERE TOO DULL OF SENSES TO GET TO THE TRUTH.

PEOPLE WHO AVOID THE 'FRINGES' FOR THE SAFETY OF THE MAIN STREAM IN THE RIVER OF LIFE, SOMETIMES NEVER RESIDE IN THE REAL TRUTH. THIS IS WHY JESUS WAS CONSIDERED SUCH A RADICAL AT THE TIME - HE HAD TO LEAVE THE SAFETY OF A CORRUPTED MAINSTREAM TO RE-ESTABLISH WHERE THE TRUTH LAY. I AM JUST GRATEFUL (EVEN THANKFUL ON THIS THANKSGIVING WEEKEND) THAT I HAVE LEARNED TO SWIM AWAY A LITTLE FROM THE 'SAFETY' OF THE CROWD AND HAVE HAD THE QUIET STRENGTH TO BE RIDICULED AND STILL KNOW THAT I HAVE BEEN DOING THE RIGHT THING ALL ALONG. ALL THE WHILE, HAVING THE SPIRIT AND A LIVING PROPHET AS MY GUIDE TO KEEP PERSPECTIVE TO AVOID THE WHIRLPOOLS OF LIFE THAT DO LURK OUT THERE.

DESTRUCTION OF THE EASTERN SEABOARD

I had a chance to go to a polymeric coating conference in 1996 in Boston for some research I was doing for a small Pharmaceutical company I worked for in SLC. Because it was over a week, I was able to take my wife and leave our new baby with g-ma.

In the evenings, we were able to explore the city of Boston, Plymouth, Salem and on the last weekend, we were able to make a quick run out to Fort Erie and Niagara Falls, CA where I spent 3 1/2 years of my early life. I really wanted to see those childhood areas that I used to romp in when I was a kid, before I expected to pass from this life (an entirely other blog topic). We were able to see the country side, visit antique shops, go to the Sacred Grove, Hill Cumorah and see alot of great country side. I really love upstate NY - except for one thing. I felt a pall hanging over that part of the country - a palpable feeling I could not shake. The feeling was especially acute around Rochester. Something I could not describe - even today. The only other thing that was close - but radically different - was a vivid experience that I will share in another post about the most wicked city (I haven't been to Amsterdamned, so I can't speak authoritatively on that) in the world - Rio de Janiero.

I got the following off of ldsfreedomforums.com and thought it was good enough to share:

114. Nevertheless, let the bishop go unto the city of New York, also to the city of Albany, and also to the city of Boston, and warn the people of those cities with the sound of the gospel, with a loud voice, of the desolation and utter abolishment which await them if they do reject these things.
(Joseph Smith, History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 7 vols., introduction and notes by B. H. Roberts [Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1932-1951], 1: 294.)

"'Now, my young friends, I wish you to remember these scenes you are witnessing during the visit of President Young and his brethren. Yea, my young friends, treasure up the teachings and sayings of these prophets and apostles as precious treasure while they are living men, and do not wait until they are dead. A few days and President Young and his brethren, the prophets and apostles and Brothers Benson and Maughan, will be in the spirit world. You should never forget this visitation. You are to become men and women, fathers and mothers; yea, the day will come, after your fathers, and these prophets and apostles are dead, you will have the privilege of going into the towers of a glorious Temple built unto the name of the Most High (pointing in the direction of the bench), east of us upon the Logan bench; and while you stand in the towers of the Temple and your eyes survey this glorious valley filled with cities and villages, occupied by tens of thousands of Latter-day Saints, you will then call to mind this visitation of President Young and his company. You will say: That was in the days when Presidents Benson and Maughan presided over us; that was before New York was destroyed by an earthquake; it was before Boston was swept into the sea, by the sea heaving itself beyond its bounds; it was before Albany was destroyed by fire; yea, at that time you will remember the scenes of this day. Treasure them up and forget them not. President Young followed and said: `What Brother Woodruff has said is revelation and will be fulfilled'.fn Deseret News, Vol. 33, page 678.
(N. B. Lundwall, Temples of the Most High [Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1993], 97 - 98.)

THE GLOBAL WARMING COVERUP - BECAUSE OF THE DESIGNS OF CONSPIRING MEN

BECAUSE OF MY TIME IN BRAZIL, I HAVE A DEEP-SEATED HATRED FOR CORRUPTION OF ANY KIND. I LITERALLY SAW PEOPLE DYING BECAUSE SOMEONE THOUGHT THEY NEEDED THE MONEY FOR THEIR MERCEDES MORE THAN THE STARVING AND SICK NEEDED FOOD AND MEDICINE. WHEN THE WICKED RULE, THE RIGHTEOUS (OR INNOCENT) MOURN.

AFTER JUST WATCHING THE MOVIE "TAKEN" WITH MY WIFE AND DAUGHTER (WHO IS A SPITTIN IMAGE OF ELIZABETH SMART), I REMEMBER WHY CORRUPTION NEEDS TO BE FOUGHT AT ANY LEVEL AND WHY, WHEN I THINK OF HOW HARD THINGS WILL BE WHEN THE LORD COMES, I REMEMBER HOW NICE IT WILL BE WHEN THE LORD COMES AND "TAKES THE TRASH TO THE CURB" - AS I ALWAYS SAY...... HEH, HEH, HEH. IT WILL BE WORTH IT ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE TRAUMA.

SO, KNOWING HOW MUCH I HATE CORRUPTION, I BLOG THIS NON-POLITICAL PIECE (REMEMBER, THIS IS NOT A POLITICAL BLOG) AND RAIL ON YET ANOTHER ALL-CONSUMING SOURCE OF CORRUPTION AMONG THE MODERN DAY GADIANTIONS - AL GORE AND HIS GLOBAL WARMING DELUSION.
THESE CORRUPT SACKS WILL SELL OUR SOVEREIGNTY AND RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION AT THE COPENHAGEN SELLOUT.

WE ALL KNOW THAT THE GLOBAL GADIANTONS SEEK A ONE-WORLD SOLUTION TO ALL OF OUR PROBLEMS, INCLUDING THE "TERRIFYING" GLOBAL WARMING PROBLEM, THE SPECTRE OF GLOBAL PANDEMICS, AND OF COURSE, GLOBAL ECONOMIC COLLAPSE. HMMMM, SEEMS LIKE WE HAVE ALL OF THESE VERY THINGS COMING TOGETHER AT THE SAME TIME - A CONVENIENT PERFECT STORM IN WHICH TO IMPLEMENT CHANGE OF A GLOBAL NATURE. NOT THAT THERE IS A CONSPIRACY OF ANY KIND......

WE CANNOT SAY THAT WE HAVE NOT BEEN WARNED. THE BOOK OF MORMON IS THE BIGGEST ANTI-CONSPIRACY MANUAL OUT THERE. THEIR BASIC TRICKS ARE THE SAME - JUST A DIFFERENT SET OF GOONS RUNNING THE SHOW, AND ON A SOPHISTICATED GLOBAL SCALE.

ENJOY THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE OF A PATRIOT WHO HACKED SOME E-MAILS THAT EXPOSE THE LIE THAT IS GLOBAL WARMING:

WND HEAT OF THE MOMENT
Hacked e-mails reveal global-warming fraud?
Top climate scientists discuss hiding contrary data, marginalizing dissenters
Posted: November 20, 2009
11:27 am Eastern

© 2009 WorldNetDaily


University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit
Officials at a key global warming research center in the United Kingdom have authenticated a series of e-mails and other documents apparently taken from their computer system by a hacker, but they cannot explain what scientists in internal exchanges meant by references to a "trick" that would "hide the decline" of global temperatures nor by instructions to delete contrary data.

Author James Delingpole writes in a London Telegraph column the most damaging revelations indicate climate-change scientists may have "manipulated or suppressed evidence in order to support their cause."

According to the Australian Investigate magazine, the 62 megabyte Zip file with documents, e-mail exchanges and other information from the University of East Anglia's Climate Research Unit apparently was posted by an unidentified hacker on a Russian web server.

One e-mail said: "I've just completed Mike's Nature trick of adding in the real temps to each series for the last 20 years (ie from 1981 onwards) amd (sic) from 1961 for Keith's to hide the decline."

Another expressed internal doubts: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't. The CERES data published in the August BAMS 09 supplement on 2008 shows there should be even more warming: but the data are surely wrong. Our observing system is inadequate."

Further, an e-mail exchange suggested the suppression of information: "Can you delete any e-mails you may have had with Keith re AR4? Keith will do likewise. He's not in at the moment – minor family crisis."

"And, perhaps most reprehensibly," Delingpole writes, "a long series of communications discussing how best to squeeze dissenting scientists out of the peer review process. How, in other words, to create a scientific climate in which anyone who disagrees with AGW can be written off as a crank, whose views do not have a scrap of authority."

(Story continues below)




He cites an e-mail: "This was the danger of always criticizing the skeptics for not publishing in the 'peer-reviewed literature.' Obviously, they found a solution to that – take over a journal! So what do we do about this? I think we have to stop considering 'Climate Research' as a legitimate peer-reviewed journal. Perhaps we should encourage our colleagues in the climate research community to no longer submit to, or cite papers in, this journal. We would also need to consider what we tell or request of our more reasonable colleagues who currently sit on the editorial board …What do others think?"

Myron Ebell, of the GlobalWarming.org website where "cooler heads prevail," said the e-mails are "shocking."

"Its kind of interesting to learn that petty politics seems to be more prevalent in the scientific community than in the political community," he said.

The documents, he said, "raise a huge number of questions about the integrity of a lot of people in the alarmist community.

"What I've seen there is a very strong effort to manage the issue by scientists and not as a scientific issues. It's very improper," he said. " One of the criticisms is that we need scientists to be scientist, and policy can be handled in public debate."

Delingpole observes the world "is currently cooling; electorates are increasingly reluctant to support eco-policies leading to more oppressive regulation, higher taxes and higher utility bills; the tide is turning against Al Gore's Anthropogenic Global Warming theory. The so-called 'skeptical' view is now also the majority view."

Phil Jones, head of East Anglia's Climate Research Unit, confirmed to Investigate magazine the documents appeared authentic.

"It was a hacker. We were aware of this about three or four days ago that someone had hacked into our system and taken and copied loads of data files and e-mails," he said.

"It's completely illegal for somebody to hack into our system," he told the magazine

But Jones denied there was any attempt to mislead or conceal.

"They're talking about proxy data going further back in time, a thousand years, and it's just about how you add on the last few years, because when you get proxy data you sample things like tree rings and ice cores, and they don't always have the last few years," he said.

Jones said he could not recall what he meant when he wrote about a plan to "hide the decline."

In the e-mail, dated 10 years ago, Jones wrote: "Once Tim's got a diagram here we'll send that either later today or first thing tomorrow. I've just completed Mike's Nature trick of adding in the real temps to each series for the last 20 years (ie from 1981 onwards) amd [sic] from1961 for Keith's to hide the decline. Mike's series got the annual land and marine values while the other two got April-Sept for NH land N of 20N. The latter two are real for 1999, while the estimate for 1999 for NH combined is +0.44C wrt 61-90. The Global estimate for 1999 with data through Oct is +0.35C cf. 0.57 for 1998. Thanks for the comments, Ray. Cheers, Phil Prof. Phil Jones Climatic Research Unit."

The documents also included a message dated last month from Kevin Trenberth to Michal Mann about the "U-turn on climate" by Britain's BBC News.

"Well I have my own article on where the heck is global warming? We are asking that here in Boulder where we have broken records the past two days for the coldest days on record. We had 4 inches of snow. The high the last 2 days was below 30F and the normal is 69F, and it smashed the previous records for these days by 10F. The low was about 18F and also a record low, well below the previous record low. This is January weather (see the Rockies baseball playoff game was canceled on saturday and then played last night in below freezing weather)."

Despite the advocacy of a financially vested former vice president, Al Gore, and others, public opinion about whether mankind is causing an ultimately catastrophic rise in global temperatures is shifting.

U.S. Rep. Ron Paul, R-Texas, has urged members of Congress to consider the joint opinion of nearly 32,000 scientists, including more than 9,000 Ph.D.s, who believe humans likely have little or nothing to do with any "global warming."

The Petition Project, launched some 10 years ago when the first few thousand signatures were gathered, has steadily grown without any special effort or campaign.

But in the last few years, and especially because of the release of Gore's movie "An Inconvenient Truth," the campaign has been reinvigorated.

"Mr. Gore's movie, asserting a 'consensus' and 'settled science' in agreement about human-caused global warming, conveyed the claims about human-caused global warming to ordinary movie goers and to public school children, to whom the film was widely distributed. Unfortunately, Mr. Gore's movie contains many very serious incorrect claims which no informed, honest scientist could endorse," project spokesman and founder Art Robinson has told WND.


Robinson, a research professor of chemistry, co-founded the Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine with Linus Pauling in 1973, and later co-founded the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine.

Paul cited the petition results in his statement to Congress.

"Our energy policies must be based upon scientific truth – not fictional movies or self-interested international agendas," Paul said. "They should be based upon the accomplishments of technological free enterprise that have provided our modern civilization, including our energy industries. That free enterprise must not be hindered by bogus claims about imaginary disasters."

The petition states: "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. Moreover, there is substantial scientific evidence that increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide produce many beneficial effects upon the natural plant and animal environments of the Earth."

Robinson has warned of serious political and economic consequencesof assuming "global warming" results from mankind's actions.

"The campaign to severely ration hydrocarbon energy technology has now been markedly expanded," he said. "In the course of this campaign, many scientifically invalid claims about impending climate emergencies are being made. Simultaneously, proposed political actions to severely reduce hydrocarbon use now threaten the prosperity of Americans and the very existence of hundreds of millions of people in poorer countries," he told WND.

Warned Paul, "Above all, we must never forget our contract with the American people – the Constitution that provides the sole source of legitimacy of our government. That Constitution requires that we preserve the basic human rights of our people – including the right to freely manufacture, use, and sell energy produced by any means they devise – including nuclear, hydrocarbon, solar, wind, or even bicycle generators.

"While it is evident that the human right to produce and use energy does not extend to activities that actually endanger the climate of the Earth upon which we all depend, bogus claims about climate dangers should not be used as a justification to further limit the American people's freedom," Paul said.

ITS GOING TO BE A SWEET TIME WATCHING THE TRIALS IN HEAVEN WHERE THESE FOLKS GET SENT TO WHERE THEY BELONG. BRING ON THE SECOND COMING! ITS TIME TO ROCK AND ROLL....

FURTHER PROOF OF THE TEMPLE DESTRUCTION - 70 A.D.

THE ONLY REASON I DECIDED TO BLOG THIS IS THAT I HAVE A FASCINATION WITH THE GLOBAL SCALE DECEIT AND COVER-UP BY THE LEFT AND ANTI-JEWISH ELEMENTS OF THE FACT THAT THERE EVER WAS A THIRD TEMPLE ON THE TEMPLE MOUNT. IF THIS FACT CAN BE SWEPT UNDER THE RUG, OR IGNORED, IT WILL BE ALOT EASIER TO DENY THAT THE JEWS HAVE A RIGHT TO THE TEMPLE MOUNT, OR WORSE, OVER TIME, THAT THERE WAS EVEN A PERFECT MAN/GOD WHO WALKED THE EARTH AND PREDICTED THAT THE SAID TEMPLE WOULD BE LEVELED, WITH NOT ONE STONE REMAINING UPON ANOTHER. I AM ALWAYS AMAZED AT THE LEVEL THAT THE ADVERSARY WILL GO TO WIPE OUT THE TRUE HISTORY AND REPLACE IT WITH EITHER LIES, OR OUTRIGHT EXPUNGING IT FROM THE HISTORICAL CONTINUUM.

TO THAT END, WE HAVE AN OUTRIGHT COVERUP GOING ON AS THE WAQF TRIES TO DESTROY THE LAST VESTIGES OF THE UNDERGROUND VAULTS ON TEMPLE MOUNT WHERE ALOT OF TEMPLE EVIDENCE WAS DISCARDED DURING THE CENTURIES. AS WITH ALL OTHER LIES OF THE ADVERSARY, THIS ONE IS COMING BACK TO BITE THEM AS HERODS WALLS ARE BECOMING UNSTABLE AND COLLAPSING. TWO HUNDRED LINEAR FEET SO FAR HAS EITHER COLLAPSED OR IS THREATENING TO DO SO.... (I AM PROPHESYING HERE) THAT THIS DESECRATION ON THIS SACRED SITE WILL CAUSE THE COLLAPSE OF AL AQSA (DOME OF THE ROCK) (THE SEVENTH TIME IS WILL HAVE BEEN DESTROYED THROUGH HISTORY) AND WILL RESULT IN THE U.N. AND THAT FUTURE NOTORIOUS LEADER CAUSING THE FOURTH (YES, MY COUNT IS GOOD) TEMPLE TO BE BUILT WHICH WILL LEAD TO THE END-GAME STUFF. CANNOT WAIT! WE ARE COASTING THROUGH THE FINAL CHAPTERS OF PRE-MILLENNIAL HISTORY - MOST PEOPLE ASLEEP AND UNAWARE WITH LITTLE OR NO OIL IN THE PROVERBIAL LAMPS.

ENJOY!

By MICHAEL BARAJAS
JERUSALEM (AP) - Israel displayed for the first time Wednesday a collection of rare coins charred and burned from the Roman destruction of the Jewish Temple nearly 2,000 years ago.
About 70 coins were found in an excavation at the foot of a key Jerusalem holy site. They give a rare glimpse into the period of the Jewish revolt that eventually led to the destruction of the Second Jewish Temple in A.D. 70, said Hava Katz, curator of the exhibition.
The Jews rebelled against the Roman Empire and took over Jerusalem in A.D. 66. After laying siege to Jerusalem, the Romans breached the city walls and wiped out the rebellion, demolishing the Jewish Temple, the holiest site in Judaism.
The coins sit inside a glass case, some melted down to unrecognizable chunks of pockmarked and carbonized bronze from the flames that destroyed the Temple.
"These really show us the impact of the destruction of Jerusalem in the first century," said Gabriela Bijovsky, an antique coin expert from Israel Antiquities Authority. "These are a very vivid, dramatic example of that destruction."
"The most important coins we have are from those last four or five years of the rebellion against the Roman army, and one coin we found was actually minted very close to the destruction of the Second Temple," she said.
The coins were excavated from an ancient street below the Temple Mount, experts said. Archaeologists had to sift through debris and remove boulders thrown off the Temple Mount during the Roman raid before they found the road and the hoard of coins.
Today the Al Aqsa Mosque compound sits atop the ruins of the temples. Muslims refer to the site as the Noble Sanctuary, marking the spot from where they believe the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven. The conflicting claims make the site one the most explosive issues in the Israel-Palestinian conflict.
The coins are part of a larger exhibition in Jerusalem's Archaeological Garden, showing a collection of antique coins that have been uncovered over the past three decades.
The exhibition shows not only coins minted in Jerusalem during the rebellion but also European, North African and Persian coins that were found around the holy site from various periods.
"This just shows the international character of the city," Katz said. "It shows the importance of Jerusalem to generations of people ... the importance of Jerusalem never faded away for Jews, Christians and Muslims," she said.

GREAT LISBON EARTHQUAKE OF 1755

THIS AN EXAMPLE OF CATASTROPHIC EARTH CHANGES THAT LITERALLY CHANGED THE COURSE OF HUMAN HISTORY:

1755 Lisbon earthquake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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1755 Lisbon earthquake
Date 1 November 1755 (1755-11)
Magnitude 9.0 Mw
Epicenter location Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Countries/
regions affected Kingdom of Portugal
Casualties between 10,000 and 100,000

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on 1 November 1755, at around 9:40 in the morning.[1] The earthquake was followed by a tsunami and fires, which caused near-total destruction of Lisbon in the Kingdom of Portugal, and adjoining areas. Geologists today estimate the Lisbon earthquake approached magnitude 9 on the Moment magnitude scale, with an epicenter in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km (120 mi) west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent. Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon alone between 10,000 and 100,000 people,[2] making it one of the most destructive earthquakes in history.

The earthquake accentuated political tensions in the Kingdom of Portugal and profoundly disrupted the country's eighteenth-century colonial ambitions. The event was widely discussed and dwelt upon by European Enlightenment philosophers, and inspired major developments in theodicy and in the philosophy of the sublime. As the first earthquake studied scientifically for its effects over a large area, it led to the birth of modern seismology and earthquake engineering.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 The earthquake and tsunami
* 2 Economic and cultural impact
* 3 Relief and reconstruction efforts
* 4 Effect on society and philosophy
* 5 Development of seismology
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 External links

[edit] The earthquake and tsunami
1755 copper engraving showing Lisbon in flames and a tsunami overwhelming the ships in the harbor.
A depiction of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake as seen from the Atlantic

The Azores-Gibraltar Transform Fault which marks the boundary between the African (Nubian) and the Eurasian continental plates runs westward from Gibraltar into the Atlantic. It shows a complex and active tectonic behavior, and is responsible for several important earthquakes that hit Lisbon before November 1755: eight in the 14th century, five in the 16th century (including the 1531 earthquake that destroyed 1,500 houses, and the 1597 earthquake when three streets vanished), and three in the 17th century. During the 18th century, earthquakes were reported in 1724 and 1750.

In 1755, the earthquake struck on the morning of 1 November, the Catholic holiday of All Saints' Day. Contemporary reports state that the earthquake lasted between three-and-a-half and six minutes, causing gigantic fissures five metres (15 ft) wide to appear in the city centre. Survivors rushed to the open space of the docks for safety and watched as the water receded, revealing a sea floor littered by lost cargo and old shipwrecks. Approximately forty minutes after the earthquake, an enormous tsunami engulfed the harbour and downtown, rushing up the Tagus river[3], "so fast that several people riding on horseback ... were forced to gallop as fast as possible to the upper grounds for fear of being carried away". It was followed by two more waves. In the areas unaffected by the tsunami, fire quickly broke out, and flames raged for five days.

Lisbon was not the only Portuguese city affected by the catastrophe. Throughout the south of the country, in particular the Algarve, destruction was rampant. A tsunami destroyed some coastal fortresses in the Algarve and, in the lower levels, razed several houses. Almost all the coastal towns and villages of the Algarve were heavily damaged, except Faro, which was protected by the sandy banks of Ria Formosa. In Lagos, the waves reached the top of the city walls. Other towns of different Portuguese regions, like Peniche, Cascais, and even Covilhã which is located near the Serra da Estrela mountain range in central inland Portugal, were affected. The shock waves of the earthquake destroyed part of Covilhã's castle walls and its large towers. On the island of Madeira, Funchal and many smaller settlements suffered significant damage. Almost all of the ports in the Azores archipelago suffered most of their destruction from the tsunami, with the sea penetrating about 150 m inland.
Calculated travel times for the tsunami waves of 1 November 1755

Shocks from the earthquake were felt throughout Europe as far as Finland and North Africa, and according to some sources even in Greenland[4] and in the Caribbean[5]. Tsunamis as tall as 20 metres (66 ft) swept the coast of North Africa, and struck Martinique and Barbados across the Atlantic. A three-metre (ten-foot) tsunami hit Cornwall on the southern English coast. Galway, on the west coast of Ireland, was also hit, resulting in partial destruction of the "Spanish Arch" section of the city wall.

Although seismologists and geologists had always agreed that the epicenter was in the Atlantic to the West of the Iberian Peninsula, its exact location has been a subject of considerable debate. Early theories had proposed the Gorringe Ridge until simulations showed that a source closer to the shore of Portugal was required to comply with the observed effects of the tsunami. A seismic reflection survey of the ocean floor along the Azores-Gibraltar fault has revealed a 50 km-long thrust structure Southwest of Cape St. Vincent, with a dip-slip throw of more than 1 km, that might have been created by the primary tectonic event.[6]
[edit] Economic and cultural impact
The ruins of the Carmo Convent, which was destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake.

Economic historian Alvaro Pereira estimated that of Lisbon's population of approximately 200,000 people, some 30,000–40,000 were killed. Another 10,000 may have lost their lives in Morocco, although local reports are vague and damage reports relating to the 1 November event are difficult to separate from those of another series of local earthquakes that occurred on Nov. 18–19.[7] The total death toll in Portugal, Spain and Morocco from the earthquake and the resulting fires and tsunami was estimated at 40,000 to 50,000 people.[8]

Eighty-five percent of Lisbon's buildings were destroyed, including famous palaces and libraries, as well as most examples of Portugal's distinctive 16th-century Manueline architecture. Several buildings that had suffered little earthquake damage were destroyed by the subsequent fire. The new Opera House, opened just six months before (named the Phoenix Opera), burned to the ground. The Royal Ribeira Palace, which stood just beside the Tagus river in the modern square of Terreiro do Paço, was destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami. Inside, the 70,000-volume royal library as well as hundreds of works of art, including paintings by Titian, Rubens, and Correggio, were lost. The royal archives disappeared together with detailed historical records of explorations by Vasco da Gama and other early navigators. The earthquake also damaged major churches in Lisbon, namely the Lisbon Cathedral, the Basilicas of São Paulo, Santa Catarina, São Vicente de Fora, and the Misericordia Church. The Royal Hospital of All Saints (the largest public hospital at the time) in the Rossio square was consumed by fire and hundreds of patients burned to death. The tomb of national hero Nuno Álvares Pereira was also lost. Visitors to Lisbon may still walk the ruins of the Carmo Convent, which were preserved to remind Lisboners of the destruction.
[edit] Relief and reconstruction efforts
Further information: Pombaline style
The Ruins of Lisbon. Survivors lived in tents on the outskirts of the city after the earthquake, as shown in this fanciful 1755 German engraving.
Detail from above: Executions in the aftermath of the Lisbon earthquake. At least 34 looters were hanged in the chaotic aftermath of the disaster. As a warning against looting, King Joseph I of Portugal ordered gallows to be constructed in several parts of the city.

The royal family escaped unharmed from the catastrophe; King Joseph I of Portugal and the court had left the city, after attending mass at sunrise, fulfilling the wish of one of the king's daughters to spend the holiday away from Lisbon. After the catastrophe, Joseph I developed a fear of living within walls, and the court was accommodated in a huge complex of tents and pavilions in the hills of Ajuda, then on the outskirts of Lisbon. The king's claustrophobia never waned, and it was only after Joseph's death that his daughter Maria I of Portugal began building the royal Ajuda Palace, which still stands on the site of the old tented camp. Like the king, the prime minister Sebastião de Melo (the Marquis of Pombal) survived the earthquake. When asked what was to be done, Pombal reportedly replied "Bury the dead and heal the living,"[9] and set upon organizing relief and rehabilitation efforts. Firefighters were sent to extinguish the raging flames, and teams of workers and ordinary citizens were ordered to remove the thousands of corpses before disease could spread. Contrary to custom and against the wishes of the Church, many corpses were loaded onto barges and buried at sea beyond the mouth of the Tagus. To prevent disorder in the ruined city, the Portuguese Army was deployed and gallows were constructed at high points around the city to deter looters; more than thirty people were publicly executed.[10] The Army prevented many able-bodied citizens from fleeing, pressing them into relief and reconstruction work.

The king and the prime minister immediately launched efforts to rebuild the city, hiring architects, engineers and organizing labor.
Model of the seismically protective wooden structure, the "gaiola pombalina" (pombaline cage), developed for the reconstruction of pombaline downtown

In less than a year, the city was cleared of debris. Keen to have a new and perfectly ordained city, the king commissioned the construction of big squares, rectilinear, large avenues and widened streets — the new mottos of Lisbon. When the Marquis of Pombal was asked about the need for such wide streets, he is said to have replied: "one day they will be small."

The Pombaline buildings are among the first seismically protected constructions in the world. Small wooden models were built for testing, and earthquakes were simulated by marching troops around them. Lisbon's "new" downtown, known today as the Pombaline Downtown (Baixa Pombalina), is one of the city's famed attractions. Sections of other Portuguese cities, like the Vila Real de Santo António in Algarve, were also rebuilt along Pombaline principles.

The Casa Pia, a Portuguese institution founded by Mary I, known as "Pia" (Pious, in English), and organized by Police Intendant Pina Manique in 1780, was founded following the social disarray of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
[edit] Effect on society and philosophy
Voltaire

The earthquake had wide-ranging effects on the lives of the populace and intelligentsia. The earthquake had struck on an important church holiday and had destroyed almost every important church in the city, causing anxiety and confusion amongst the citizens of a staunch and devout Roman Catholic city and country, which had been a major patron of the Church. Theologians and philosophers would focus and speculate on the religious cause and message, seeing the earthquake as a manifestation of the anger of God.

The earthquake and its fallout strongly influenced the intelligentsia of the European Age of Enlightenment. The noted writer-philosopher Voltaire used the earthquake in Candide and in his Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne ("Poem on the Lisbon disaster"). Voltaire's Candide attacks the notion that all is for the best in this, "the best of all possible worlds", a world closely supervised by a benevolent deity. The Lisbon disaster provided a salutary counterexample. As Theodor Adorno wrote, "[t]he earthquake of Lisbon sufficed to cure Voltaire of the theodicy of Leibniz" (Negative Dialectics 361). In the later twentieth century, following Adorno, the 1755 earthquake has sometimes been compared to the Holocaust as a catastrophe that transformed European culture and philosophy. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was also influenced by the devastation following the earthquake, whose severity he believed was due to too many people living within the close quarters of the city. Rousseau used the earthquake as an argument against cities as part of his desire for a more naturalistic way of life.[citation needed]
Immanuel Kant

The concept of the sublime, though it existed before 1755, was developed in philosophy and elevated to greater importance by Immanuel Kant, in part as a result of his attempts to comprehend the enormity of the Lisbon quake and tsunami. Kant published three separate texts on the Lisbon earthquake. The young Kant, fascinated with the earthquake, collected all the information available to him in news pamphlets, and used it to formulate a theory of the causes of earthquakes. Kant's theory, which involved the shifting of huge subterranean caverns filled with hot gases, was (though ultimately shown to be false) one of the first systematic modern attempts to explain earthquakes by positing natural, rather than supernatural, causes. According to Walter Benjamin, Kant's slim early book on the earthquake "probably represents the beginnings of scientific geography in Germany. And certainly the beginnings of seismology."

Werner Hamacher has claimed that the earthquake's consequences extended into the vocabulary of philosophy, making the common metaphor of firm "grounding" for philosophers' arguments shaky and uncertain: "Under the impression exerted by the Lisbon earthquake, which touched the European mind in one [of] its more sensitive epochs, the metaphor of ground and tremor completely lost their apparent innocence; they were no longer merely figures of speech" (263). Hamacher claims that the foundational certainty of Descartes' philosophy began to shake following the Lisbon earthquake.

The earthquake had a major impact on Portuguese politics. The prime minister was the favorite of the king, but the aristocracy despised him as an upstart son of a country squire (although the Prime Minister Sebastião de Melo is known today as Marquis of Pombal, the title was only granted in 1770, fifteen years after the earthquake). The prime minister in turn disliked the old nobles, whom he considered corrupt and incapable of practical action. Before 1 November 1755 there was a constant struggle for power and royal favor, but the competent response of the Marquis of Pombal effectively severed the power of the old aristocratic factions. However, silent opposition and resentment of King Joseph I began to rise, which would culminate with the attempted assassination of the king, and the subsequent elimination of the powerful Duke of Aveiro and the Távora family.
[edit] Development of seismology

The prime minister's response was not limited to the practicalities of reconstruction. He ordered a query sent to all parishes of the country regarding the earthquake and its effects. Questions included:

* how long did the earthquake last?
* how many aftershocks were felt?
* what kind of damage was caused?
* did animals behave strangely?
* what happened in wells and water holes?

The answers to these and other questions are still archived in the Torre do Tombo, the national historical archive. Studying and cross-referencing the priests' accounts, modern scientists were able to reconstruct the event from a scientific perspective. Without the query designed by the Marquis of Pombal, this would have been impossible. Because the marquis was the first to attempt an objective scientific description of the broad causes and consequences of an earthquake, he is regarded as a forerunner of modern seismological scientists.

The geological causes of this earthquake and the seismic activity in the region continue to be discussed and debated by contemporary scientists.

NOAH'S ARK - DO THE ANCHOR STONES POINT TO IT'S LOCATION?

READ THIS WITH AN OPEN MIND. RON WYATT SPENT ALL OF HIS SPARE TIME DEBUNKING THE MISINFORMATION OUT THERE ABOUT SOME OF OUR BIBLICAL NOTIONS.

THERE IS ALOT OF MATERIAL TO DIG THROUGH HERE, BUT THE MOST INTERESTING STUFF WAS FINDING VERY LARGE ANCHOR STONES MANY MILES INLAND AND THAT WERE DROPPED OFF OF SOME SHIP THAT JUST HAPPENED TO BE WAY ABOVE SEA LEVEL AND WHOSE ANCHOR STONES LINE UP WITH THIS SITE THAT RON RAN INTO.

http://www.wyattmuseum.com/noahs-ark-04.htm

ALOT OF FOLKS IN AND OUT OF THE CHURCH SEEM TO THINK THAT IT IS ALL REALLY NICE PARABLE AND BED-TIME STORY TELLING. I THINK WE WILL UNDERSTAND SOON THAT IT WAS NOT!

MASSIVE TSUNAMI ON THE NORTH ATLANTIC

THIS IS YET ONE MORE PIECE OF EVIDENCE OF MASSIVE CATASTROPHIC EVENTS THAT SWEPT THIS EARTH. THINK ABOUT VERY LARGE BOULDERS BEING HURLED 150 FEET UP CLIFFS ONTO DRY GROUND FROM THE BED OF THE OCEAN.

THE ACTUAL WAVE MUST BE ALOT BIGGER THAN THAT! THE PACIFIC OCEAN HAS SEEN SOME SEVERE TSUNAMIS THAT MAKE THE RECENT ONE IN INDONESIA/THAILAND LOOK LIKE A DAY AT THE BEACH. BE SURE AND READ THE OTHER ARTICLES ON THE "TSUNAMI" LINK BELOW. HERE IS THE ARTICLE:

Ireland has the potential to be hit by a tsunami, according to NUI Galway Professor Mike Williams. And it wouldn't be the first time it has happened, either!

"Yes we do have the potential for a tsunami because we have been hit in the past," he says.

Williams first noticed Ireland's tsunami history when researching huge boulders on Ireland's West coast. He noticed that many boulders had been lodged on top of cliffs and other unlikely places.

Some boulders are perched as high as 25 meters on top of a cliff. They were previously believed to be a result of glacial erratics, but the professor has come to the conclusion that they owe their origin to tidal waves and devastating storms, which have the power to hurl boulders onto cliffs and high land.

During the "Night of the Big Wind" in 1839, many boulders were hurled onto the cliffs of Aran Island. A large wave was also recorded off Ireland's West coast on the March 11, 1861. A wave measuring over 50 meters high smashed into a lighthouse on Eagle Island and damaged it beyond repair.

There have also been recordings of people being washed off cliff edges by massive freak waves. The Lisbon Earthquake on November 1, 1775 also sent a wave to Finland, England, North Africa and Ireland. A large tsunami resulting from the earthquake partially destroyed Galway's Spanish arch and carried many people away with it.

However, Williams says that only a massive earthquake or underwater landslide of Biblical proportions could trigger a wave that could engulf Ireland's West coast.

He also points out an unlikely cause of destructive tidal wave would be an astroid. Fortunately, Ireland does not lie close to the fringes of a tectonic plate, so the chances of the Emerald Isle Isle being hit by a tsunami are rather slim.

It is most likely that another "Lisbon Earthquake" would be our greatest chance of being hit by another tsunami.

JOHN TAYLOR VISION FROM WILFORD WOODRUFF'S JOURNAL

SOME BAD JUJU! IT SEEMS COMPLETELY CONSISTENT WITH EVERYTHING ELSE I HAVE SEEN - VERY BAD BIO WARFARE WITH THE RIGHTEOUS SAINTS ( WHO HAVE KEPT THE WORD OF WISDOM) FIGURING OUT HOW TO OVERCOME IT:

John Taylor’s Last Days Vision
This is a vision John Taylor saw of events that are still to come. From the journal of Wilford Woodruff (Dec 16, 1877).
NOTE: There are some that dispute whether or not it was John Taylor that had this vision. The vision does, in fact, come from the journal of Wilford Woodruff. It is verified that it was not Wilford Woodruff that had the vision. Many believe it to be John Taylor’s vision.

I went to bed as usual at about 7:30PM. I had been read­ing a revela­tion in the French lan­guage. My mind was calm, more so than usual if possible, so I composed myself for sleep, but could not. I felt a strange feeling come over me and apparently be­came partially uncon­scious. Still I was not asleep, nor ex­actly awake, with dreary feeling. The first thing that I recognized was that I was in the tabernacle of Ogden, Utah. I was sit­ting in the back part of the build­ing for fear they would call on me to preach, which however they did, for after sing­ing the second time they called me to the stand.

I arose to speak and said that I did­n’t know that I had anything es­pecially to say, ex­cept to bear my tes­timony of the Latter-day work, when all at once it seemed as if I was lifted out of myself and I said, “Yes, I have something to say and that is this: Some of my brethren have been ask­ing, “What is be­coming of us? What is the wind blowing?” I will answer you right here what is coming very shortly.”

I was then in a dream, im­mediately in the city of Salt Lake, and wandering around in the streets and in all parts of the city, and on the doors of the houses I found badges of mourn­ing and I could not find a house but was in mourning. I passed my own house and found the same sign there, and I asked the ques­tion, “Is that me that is dead?” Someone gave me the an­swer, “No, you will get through it all.”
It seemed strange to me that I saw no person in the streets in all my wan­dering around the coun­try. I seemed to be in their houses with the sick, but saw no funeral proces­sion, nor anything of the kind, but the city looking still and as though the people were praying. And it seemed that they had controlled the dis­ease, but what the dis­ease was I did not learn; it was not made known to me. I then looked over the country, north, east, south, and west, and the same mourning was in every land and in every place.

The next thing I knew I was just this side of Omaha. It seemed though I was above the earth, and look­ing down upon it. As I passed along upon my way east I saw the road full of people, mostly women, with just what they could carry in bundles on their backs, trav­eling to the moun­tains on foot (THIS IS THE FREAKY PART!). I won­dered how they would get through with such a small pack on their backs. It was re­markable to us[?] that there were so few men among them. It didn’t seem to me as though the cars were run­ning, the rails looked rusty and the roads aban­doned; and I have no con­ception of how I traveled as I looked down upon the peo­ple.

I continued east by the way of Omaha and Council Bluffs, which were full of disease. There were women every­where. The state of Illinois and Mis­souri were in a tumult, men killing one an­other, women joining the fight­ing, fam­ily against family in the most horrid manner.

I imagined next that I was in Wash­ington and I found desola­tion there. The White House was empty and the Halls of Congress the same, and everything in ru­ins. The people seemed to have left the city and left it to take care of itself.

I was in Baltimore. In the square where the Monument of 1812 stands in front of the Char­les Hotel. I saw dead piled up so as to fill the street square. I saw mothers cutting the throats of their own children for their blood. I saw them suck it from their throats to quench their own thirst and then lie down and die. The water of Che­sapeake Bay was stagnant, and the stench arising from it on ac­count of their throw­ing their bod­ies into it so terrible, that the very smell carried death with it. I saw no man ex­cept they were dead or dying in the streets and very few women. Those I saw were crazy and in an ugly condi­tion. Everywhere I went I beheld the same sights all over the city; it was terrible be­yond description to look upon.

I thought this must be the end; but no, I was seemingly in an instant in the city of Philadel­phia. There eve­rything was still. No living soul was there to greet me. It seemed the whole city was with­out any inhabi­tants. In the south of Chestnut Street and in fact everywhere I went, the putrefaction of the dead caused such a stench that it was impos­sible for any living thing to breathe, nor did I see any living thing in the city.

Next I found myself in Broadway, in the city of New York, and there it seemed the people had done the best they could to overcome the disease, but in wandering down Broad­way I saw the bodies of beautiful women lying, some dead and oth­ers in a dy­ing condition, on the sidewalks. I saw men come out of cellars and ravish the per­sons of some that were yet alive and then kill them and rob their bodies of all the valu­ables they had upon them. Then before they could get back to the cellar they would roll over a time or two and die in ag­ony. In some of the back streets I saw them kill some of their own offspring and eat their raw flesh, and in a few minutes die them­selves. Every­where I went I saw the same scene of horror and de­struction and death and rap­ine.

No car­riages, buggies, or cars were running; but death and de­struc­tion were every­where. Then I saw fire start and just at that moment a mighty East wind sprang up and car­ried the flames over the city and it burned until there was not a sin­gle building left standing there, even down to the waters edge. Wharves and shipping all seemed to burn and follow in common destruction where the “great city” was a short time ago. The stench from the bodies that were burn­ing was so great that it was carried a long dis­tance cross the Hudson Bay and carried death and destruction wherever it pene­trated. I cannot paint in words the horror that seemed to compass me about; it was beyond description of man.

I sup­posed this was the end; but it was not. I was given to understand the same horror was being en­acted all over the coun­try, east, west, north, and south. Few were left alive, still there were some.

Immediately after I seemed to be standing on the left bank of the Mis­souri River, opposite e the City of In­de­pendence, but there was no city. I saw the whole state of Missouri and Illi­nois and all of Iowa, a complete desert with no living being there. A short dis­tance from the river how­ever, I saw twelve men dressed in temple robes, stand­ing in a square or nearly so (and I under­stood it repre­sented the Twelve Gates of the New Jerusa­lem.) Their hands were uplifted in consecration of the ground and lay­ing the corner stone of the tem­ple. I saw myraids of an­gels hovering over them, and saw also an immense pil­lar of clouds over them and heard the angels singing the most heav­enly music. The words were “Now is estab­lished the King­dom of God and his Christ, which shall never more be thrown down.”

I saw people com­ing from the river and from the desert places a long way off to help build the temple and it seemed that hosts of an­gels all helped to get material to build with and I saw some of them who wore temple clothes come and build the tem­ple and the city, and all the time I saw the great pillar of clouds hovering over the place.

Instantly, however, I found my­self again in the taber­nacle at Ogden. And yet, I could still see the building go on and I got quite animated in call­ing on the people in the tabernacle to listen to the beautiful music, for the an­gels were singing the same music I had heard be­fore. “Now is estab­lished the King­dom of God and his Christ, which shall never more be thrown down.”

At this I seemed to stagger back from the pulpit and Brother Francis D. Richards and some others caught my arm and prevented me from falling. Then I fin­ished so abruptly. Still even then I had not fainted, but was simply ex­hausted.

They I rolled over in bed and awoke just as the city clock was strik­ing twelve.

THE GOOD STUFF - UPLIFTING WORDS, MUSIC, AND VIDEO

I HAVE WANTED TO POST THIS STUFF FOR QUITE SOME TIME NOW. DAVID WAS A COMP IN JOAO PESSOA (A TOWN CALLED JOHN PERSON IN PORTO... HA, HA, HA) AND WAS THE POOR UNFORTUNATE AND BEWILDERED JUNIOR ZL COMP THAT HAD NOT LEARNED THE PRINCIPLE OF A WICKED AND ADULTEROUS GENERATION (PREVIOUS POST). ANYWAY, DAVID WAS QUITE THE ARTIST THEN AND I AM JUST IMPRESSED WITH WHAT HE IS DOING NOW IN PUTTING GREAT WORDS, MUSIC AND VISUALS TOGETHER FOR A SMORGASBORD OF THE SPIRIT AND SENSES. HE HAS USED HIS TALENT ON A COMMON SITE WE VISIT (WHERE I FIRST BUMPED INTO HIM), CALLED LDSAVOW.COM. I HAVEN'T HAD MUCH CONTACT WITH DAVID OTHER THAN A FEW E-MAILS - BUT HE SOUNDS MORE PREPAREDNESS AND FREEDOM MINDED THAN I AM.

HERE IS ONE OF HIS LATEST VIDEO CREATIONS:

MY HEAVENLY FATHER LOVES ME

IF YOU LIKED THIS ONE - CHECK OUT HIS OTHER STUFF ON U-TUBE. YOU WILL NOT BE DISAPPOINTED.

THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY AND CATASTROPHISM

SO, THIS TAKES MILLIONS OF YEARS TO HAPPEN - EXCEPT IN THIS ONE CASE WHERE A 35 MILE LONG CRACK (UP TO 20 FEET WIDE IN PLACES) HAPPENED IN A MATTER OF DAYS.

HMMMMMMMMM........... THOSE GEOLOGISTS DON'T SEEM TO BE GETTING THE 'GIST' OF THINGS. CAN'T WAIT TIL THE SECOND COMING WHEN THINGS REALLY START ROLLING - GEOLOGICALLY SPEAKING. THEIR LIES AND FALSE TEACHINGS WILL MELT AWAY FASTER THAN AL GORES GLOBAL WARMING TALES DURING A PROTEST DURING AN UNSEASONABLY COLD WINTER STORM....... :))


http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33605604/ns/technology_and_science-science/



Giant crack in Africa may create a new ocean
Study: Volcanic boundaries in Ethiopia may break apart in large sections

University of Rochester
An opening in desert ground in Ethiopia is one manifestation of a rift that may eventually give rise to a new ocean, scientists say.
View related photos

LiveScience

updated 10:33 a.m. PT, Tues., Nov . 3, 2009
A 35-mile rift in the desert of Ethiopia will likely become a new ocean eventually, researchers now confirm.

The crack, 20 feet wide in spots, opened in 2005 and some geologists believed then that it would spawn a new ocean. But that view was controversial, and the rift had not been well studied.

A new study involving an international team of scientists and reported in the journal Geophysical Research Letters finds the processes creating the rift are nearly identical to what goes on at the bottom of oceans, further indication a sea is in the region's future.

The same rift activity is slowly parting the Red Sea, too.

Using newly gathered seismic data from 2005, researchers reconstructed the event to show the rift tore open along its entire 35-mile length in just days. Dabbahu, a volcano at the northern end of the rift, erupted first, then magma pushed up through the middle of the rift area and began "unzipping" the rift in both directions, the researchers explained in a statement today.

"We know that seafloor ridges are created by a similar intrusion of magma into a rift, but we never knew that a huge length of the ridge could break open at once like this," said Cindy Ebinger, professor of earth and environmental sciences at the University of Rochester and co-author of the study.

The result shows that highly active volcanic boundaries along the edges of tectonic ocean plates may suddenly break apart in large sections, instead of in bits, as the leading theory held. And such sudden large-scale events on land pose a much more serious hazard to populations living near the rift than would several smaller events, Ebinger said.

"The whole point of this study is to learn whether what is happening in Ethiopia is like what is happening at the bottom of the ocean where it's almost impossible for us to go," says Ebinger. "We knew that if we could establish that, then Ethiopia would essentially be a unique and superb ocean-ridge laboratory for us. Because of the unprecedented cross-border collaboration behind this research, we now know that the answer is yes, it is analogous."

The African and Arabian plates meet in the remote Afar desert of Northern Ethiopia and have been spreading apart in a rifting process — at a speed of less than 1 inch per year — for the past 30 million years. This rifting formed the 186-mile Afar depression and the Red Sea. The thinking is that the Red Sea will eventually pour into the new sea in a million years or so. The new ocean would connect to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, an arm of the Arabian Sea between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula and Somalia in eastern Africa.

Atalay Ayele, professor at the Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia, led the investigation, gathering seismic data with help from neighboring Eritrea and Ghebrebrhan Ogubazghi, professor at the Eritrea Institute of Technology, and from Yemen with the help of Jamal Sholan of the National Yemen Seismological Observatory Center.