I am fascinated with this principle because it delves into the question of whether or not individual particles can have their agency intact as they are manipulated or acted upon by the forces of nature and those around them. This is at the crux of prophecy - the three items that make it possible: the act, the location of that act, the time of that act. All three must be intact in order to make a prophecy really stick. This is the reason one is not usually present when an utterance is given:
Understanding the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is one of the cornerstones of quantum physics, but it is often not deeply understood by those who have not carefully studied it. While it does, as the name suggests, define a certain level of uncertainty at the most fundamental levels of nature itself, that uncertainty manifests in a very constrained way, so it doesn't affect us in our daily lives. Only carefully constructed experiments can reveal this principle at work.
In 1927, the German physicist Werner Heisenberg put forth what has become known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (or just uncertainty principle or, sometimes, Heisenberg principle). While attempting to build an intuitive model of quantum physics, Heisenberg had uncovered that there were certain fundamental relationships which put limitations on how well we could know certain quantities. Specifically, in the most straightforward application of the principle:
The more precisely you know the position of a particle, the less precisely you can simultaneously know the momentum of that same particle.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Relationships
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is a very precise mathematical statement about the nature of a quantum system. In physical and mathematical terms, it constrains the degree of precision we can ever talk about having about a system. The following two equations (also shown, in prettier form, in the graphic at the top of this article), called the Heisenberg uncertainty relationships, are the most common equations related to the uncertainty principle:
Equation 1: delta- x * delta- p is proportional to h-bar
Equation 2: delta- E * delta- t is proportional to h-bar
The symbols in the above equations have the following meaning:
- h-bar: Called the "reduced Planck constant," this has the value of the Planck's constant divided by 2*pi.
- delta-x: This is the uncertainty in position of an object (say of a given particle).
- delta-p: This is the uncertainty in momentum of an object.
- delta-E: This is the uncertainty in energy of an object.
- delta-t: This is the uncertainty in time measurement of an object.
From these equations, we can tell some physical properties of the system's measurement uncertainty based upon our corresponding level of precision with our measurement. If the uncertainty in any of these measurements gets very small, which corresponds to having an extremely precise measurement, then these relationships tell us that the corresponding uncertainty would have to increase, to maintain the proportionality.
In other words, we cannot simultaneously measure both properties within each equation to an unlimited level of precision. The more precisely we measure position, the less precisely we are able to simultaneously measure momentum (and vice versa). The more precisely we measure time, the less precisely we are able to simultaneously measure energy (and vice versa).
A Common-Sense Example
Though the above may seem very strange, there's actually a decent correspondence to the way we can function in the real (that is, classical) world. Let's say that we were watching a race car on a track and we were supposed to record when it crossed a finish line.
We are supposed to measure not only the time that it crosses the finish line but also the exact speed at which it does so. We measure the speed by pushing a button on a stopwatch at the moment we see it cross the finish line and we measure the speed by looking at a digital read-out (which is not in line with watching the car, so you have to turn your head once it crosses the finish line). In this classical case, there is clearly some degree of uncertainty about this, because these actions take some physical time. We'll see the car touch the finish line, push the stopwatch button, and look at the digital display. The physical nature of the system imposes a definite limit upon how precise this can all be. If you're focusing on trying to watch the speed, then you may be off a bit when measuring the exact time across the finish line, and vice versa.
As with most attempts to use classical examples to demonstrate quantum physical behavior, there are flaws with this analogy, but it's somewhat related to the physical reality at work in the quantum realm. The uncertainty relationships come out of the wave-like behavior of objects at the quantum scale, and the fact that it's very difficult to precisely measure the physical position of a wave, even in classical cases.
Confusion about the Uncertainty Principle
It's very common for the uncertainty principle to get confused with the phenomenon of the observer effect in quantum physics, such as that which manifests during the Schroedinger's cat thought experiment. These are actually two completely different issues within quantum physics, though both tax our classical thinking. The uncertainty principle is actually a fundamental constraint on the ability make precise statements about the behavior of a quantum system, regardless of our actual act of making the observation or not. The observer effect, on the other hand, implies that if we make a certain type of observation, the system itself will behave differently than it would without that observation in place.
Books on Quantum Physics and the Uncertainty Principle:
Because of its central role in the foundations of quantum physics, most books that explore the quantum realm will provide an explanation of the uncertainty principle, with varying levels of success. Here are some of the books which do it the best, in this humble author's opinion.
Two are general books on quantum physics as a whole, while the other two are as much biographical as scientific, giving real insights into the life and work of Werner Heisenberg:
- The Amazing Story of Quantum Mechanics by James Kakalios
- The Quantum Universe by Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw
- Beyond Uncertainty: Heisenberg, Quantum Physics, and the Bomb by David C. Cassidy
- Uncertainty: Einstein, Heisenberg, Bohr, and the Struggle for the Soul of Science by David Lindley
I don't know if I have ever mentioned it here before, but Henry T Moray had developed free energy from radiant energy waves, contending that earth rests on a sea of energy. He spent most of his life in the 1910 to the 40's. Lived and worked in Salt Lake City, Utah. He did develop the equipment and exhibited it to groups of people in energy fields. Obviously this would upset the oil industry not to mention the technology was capable of being used as a weapon. he destroyed his transistor when the threat came too close to stealing the technology. his son, a witness of these experiments, continues to attempt to resurrect the technology.
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